Non-linguistic information
Information on a written or published source of linguistic data.
Location (city, town,...) where the reference was published.
Title of the book in which the article appeared. Has a value only if type='inbook'.
Institution publishing the reference. For instance, the department's name, if the 'publisher' field is a university.
Link pointing to the publication on the World Wide Web.
Page numbers within the article that are relevant.
Year of publication
A bibliographic reference which includes all citation details, such as author, title, year of publication and publisher.
The key which identifies the referene of a source.
Type of reference, e.g. descriptive, theoretical, questionnaire, etc.
The component database that provided the included data.
A definition of an interlinear gloss label with a description of its meaning.
The grammatical category of a morphosyntactic gloss.
A full description of the meaning of the gloss.
Expansion of a gloss abbreviation.
The component database that provided the included data.
Any kind of construction that is described on its own
An anaphoric strategy or marker (pronoun, reflexive or reciprocal marker)
strategy name
Factors affecting the distribution of this form. For example: Any limitations in the verbs or predicates it can occur with; on the syntactic position, animacy, or NP type of the antecedent; on the syntactic distance between antecedent and pronoun (i.e., locality of binding); etc.
Whether there are restrictions on person, number or gender of the antecedent. (If there are, they are listed in an associated field)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type of special class of antecedent with which the strategy can be used with, e.g. inanimate or non-human
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Indicates whether the marker can be used with nominal predicates (answered as true or false)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Indicates the extent to which a pronoun can have a featurally compatible antecedent. Alternatively, it is possible that antecedents are "too local" to be coconstrued with the pronoun
Whether the pronoun indicates a particular grammatical function, in opposition to other pronominal markers
The semantic verb types that the anaphoric strategy can be used with, described in terms of (a)symmetry or what kind of action the verb expresses
Usable with verbs expressing an asymmetric relationship, such as 'follow'
Usable with general transitive verbs, i.e., transitive verbs that are not in a special category known to be relevant (i.e., verbs that are not in one of the other categories given here)
Usable with verbs expressing psychological state, such as 'fear', 'worry'.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The various types of arguments an antecedent can entail
The antecedent can be a direct object
The antecedent can be an indirect object
The antecedent can be the possessor of a co-argument (typically of the subject), as in "JOHN's mother likes HIM"
The antecedent can be a prepositional object
The antecedent can be a subject
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type of island effect, i.e. how well an anaphoric marker or dependent form embedded in a syntactic island can be coconstrued with an antecedent outside a syntactic island (e.g. "John, who thinks highly of himself, expects HIS promotion any day now")
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Whether the use of this pronoun requires an interpretation whereby the antecedent of the pronoun (sentence internal or, less often, present in discourse) is the one whose statement or perspective is being expressed
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Indicates the frequency of the anaphoric marker being used in idioms (viz. sometimes, often or never)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Meanings the marker can support, including anaphoric and other meaning types (e.g. reciprocal, passive).
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type of non-reciprocal dependent identity reading, viz. a distributive or group reading
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The inherent (specialized) reflexive or reciprocal reading, if any, of the marker. A marker yields such a reading if it applies to a particular (sub)set of verbs, and most typically to a lexically idiosyncratic subset of these (see below); it is never the marker generally used to achieve reflexive (resp. reciprocal) readings for all or most verbs; it generally has a prosodically weaker or more unspecified marker than other reflexive (resp. reciprocal) markers in the language, often to the extreme of being null, i.e., permitting a verb without an overt direct object (or without an overt direct object possessor) to have this interpretation; it does not support proxy readings, even if other markers in the language do support them. The set of inherent reflexive verbs includes grooming verbs, body function verbs or body attitude verbs, e.g. \"I wash myself\". Inherent reciprocal verbs include symmetric verbs of strife or association.
Whether the marker permits proxy readings when pragmatic/discourse factors are favorable
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type of reciprocal reading permitted by this marker, viz. strong or weak reciprocity
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Whether the marker requires any self-knowledge or lack of it on the part of the antecedent in the anaphoric relation
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The agreement paradigm for antecedent agreement, referring to example sentences, is explained in a short text
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Indicates the extent to which the complex marker's antecedent agreement is distributed across its parts (in one, two, three or all parts)
Exponent features such as person, number, case, gender and/or animacy, that are morphologically distinguished within this paradigm. If a single pronoun is used for all genders, numbers, grammatical function positions and persons, then the answer is "none". English second person nominative does not distinguish number, but the paradigm does distinguish number because all other persons distinguish number, so "number" should be included as an exponent distinction in the pronominal paradigm for English. English first and second person do not distinguish for gender, but the third person pronouns do, so the paradigm distinguishes for gender. Second person singular does not distinguish for grammatical function or case, but all the other members of the paradigm do, so English distinguishes for grammatical function or case.
Type of feature the antecedent has agreement with, e.g. person, number, case, and gender
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Formality/informality and logophoric status of this pronoun. Is this a formal or informal form, or does it express a related value? The status of some pronouns as logophors is also indicated. (A logophor is a pronoun that distinctively refers to the person whose beliefs or statements are being reported).
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Gender is a noun category that can be divided into masculine, feminine and neuter
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The pronominal clusivity system can be divided in inclusivity and exclusivity in the pronoun paradigm, e.g. the Indonesian plural pronouns "kita", inclusive meaning of "you and I" and "kami", exclusive meaning of "we"
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Whether the marker shows any exponent of agreement with its antecedent
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Indicates whether there is agreement between the marker and the nominal it modifies (answered as true or false)
Number is the grammatical category distinguishing reference to one individual from reference from more than one, e.g. between singular and plural
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
This feature entails the person feature of a pronoun, e.g. the first person singular pronoun "I"
This property applies to third person demonstrative pronouns, which indicate the proximity or distance of their referent, or some other aspect of its location.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
How is the pronoun built up by morphemes, e.g. a stem with a certain affix
The structural type (complexity) of the constituent morphemes of the exponent (viz. simplex, complex, discontinuous or a combination)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type position of the exponent (viz. a verbal, argument position or adjunct position marker)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Whether any parts of the exponent have, or can be historically related to, a word with a literal meaning.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Detailed glossed breakdown of any parts of the exponent, indicating lexical meaning and/or grammatical function of each part.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Meaning classification of (any part of) the marker, if a lexical meaning can be isolated in a non-anaphoric context. E.g., body part, self, face, head, own.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The strength of the pronoun is indicated here, viz. strong, weak, or affixal (or clitic). A pronoun is affixal if it cannot stand alone as a morphological unit in phonology. A pronoun is strong if it can stand alone in phonology and it can be either stressed or focused. A pronoun is weak if it can stand alone, but cannot normally be stressed or focused.
Whether the marker is a pronoun rather than, say, agreement morphology on the verb. A pronoun is a nominal consisting only of nominal features that does not require a sentence internal antecedent.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Comments or details about the marker
If applicable, give the equivalent non-anaphoric sentence (e.g. for reciprocals, the ordinary transitive sentence)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Typical example of the anaphoric marker
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Individual pronoun forms
The agreement paradigm for antecedent agreement, referring to example sentences, is explained in a short text
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Indicates the extent to which the complex marker's antecedent agreement is distributed across its parts (in one, two, three or all parts)
Exponent features such as person, number, case, gender and/or animacy, that are morphologically distinguished within this paradigm. If a single pronoun is used for all genders, numbers, grammatical function positions and persons, then the answer is "none". English second person nominative does not distinguish number, but the paradigm does distinguish number because all other persons distinguish number, so "number" should be included as an exponent distinction in the pronominal paradigm for English. English first and second person do not distinguish for gender, but the third person pronouns do, so the paradigm distinguishes for gender. Second person singular does not distinguish for grammatical function or case, but all the other members of the paradigm do, so English distinguishes for grammatical function or case.
Type of feature the antecedent has agreement with, e.g. person, number, case, and gender
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Formality/informality and logophoric status of this pronoun. Is this a formal or informal form, or does it express a related value? The status of some pronouns as logophors is also indicated. (A logophor is a pronoun that distinctively refers to the person whose beliefs or statements are being reported).
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Gender is a noun category that can be divided into masculine, feminine and neuter
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The pronominal clusivity system can be divided in inclusivity and exclusivity in the pronoun paradigm, e.g. the Indonesian plural pronouns "kita", inclusive meaning of "you and I" and "kami", exclusive meaning of "we"
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Whether the marker shows any exponent of agreement with its antecedent
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Indicates whether there is agreement between the marker and the nominal it modifies (answered as true or false)
Number is the grammatical category distinguishing reference to one individual from reference from more than one, e.g. between singular and plural
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
This feature entails the person feature of a pronoun, e.g. the first person singular pronoun "I"
This property applies to third person demonstrative pronouns, which indicate the proximity or distance of their referent, or some other aspect of its location.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
How is the pronoun built up by morphemes, e.g. a stem with a certain affix
The structural type (complexity) of the constituent morphemes of the exponent (viz. simplex, complex, discontinuous or a combination)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type position of the exponent (viz. a verbal, argument position or adjunct position marker)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Whether any parts of the exponent have, or can be historically related to, a word with a literal meaning.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Detailed glossed breakdown of any parts of the exponent, indicating lexical meaning and/or grammatical function of each part.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Meaning classification of (any part of) the marker, if a lexical meaning can be isolated in a non-anaphoric context. E.g., body part, self, face, head, own.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The strength of the pronoun is indicated here, viz. strong, weak, or affixal (or clitic). A pronoun is affixal if it cannot stand alone as a morphological unit in phonology. A pronoun is strong if it can stand alone in phonology and it can be either stressed or focused. A pronoun is weak if it can stand alone, but cannot normally be stressed or focused.
Whether the marker is a pronoun rather than, say, agreement morphology on the verb. A pronoun is a nominal consisting only of nominal features that does not require a sentence internal antecedent.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
All linguistic and non-linguistic information about a particular language.
Information concerning the identification and identity of a language: Name, georgaphical area where it is spoken, etc. Properties that are not part of the synchronous description of its system.
The name of the language or of the dialect being described.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
A unique three-letter language identifier, according to the most current ISO 639-3 standard. The ISO codes have replaced (and include) the SIL codes previously used in the Ethnologue.
The status of the language as living, extinct, ancient, historic or constructed, as defined by the ISO 639-3 standard. Details.
Type of data status for language markers (answered as (in)complete or not entered)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type of data status for the information of the entered sentences (answered as (in)complete)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Data will or will not be entered in the near future
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
If a dialect, rather than a language, is being described, this field gives the name of the language it belongs to.
Dialect/variety reported, and/or region where it is spoken
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Any general remarks or profile of the language.
Genetic classification of the language according to Ethnologue. Where applicable, inclusion of the language in an ISO 639-3 macrolanguage is given as well. If the ISO code for a language is missing, the classification provided by the database creators, if any, is given instead).
Genetic classification of the language according to the database creators, if provided. Because this classification is not consistent across databases, it is recommended that you use the field "Genetic affiliation (Ethnologue)" instead.
Geographical area (or areas) in which the language, or described variety, is spoken. There may additionally be longtitude and latitude data.
Location of language in terms of latitude and longitude
Latitude of the geographical location at which the language is spoken, treated as a point (which may be considered to be the center of the language area)
Longitude of the geographical location at which the language is spoken, treated as a point (which may be considered to be the center of the language area)
Synchronous linguistic features of the language, arranged thematically, primarily according to levels in the language (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics).
Information on the parts-of-speech and on the morphology of different word types and grammatical categories. For the position of certain parts-of-speech in a phrase or in a clause, see also information on phrases ("phrasal constructions") and information on clauses ("constructions within a clause").
Information concerning adjectives, including: attributive, predicate and independent adjectives.
An attributive adjective is part of the noun phrase headed by the noun it modifies.
Agreement properties of the attributive adjective.
Attributive adjectives are nominal and agree in case with their head.
Attributive adjectives agree in gender with their head.
Attributive adjectives agree in number with their head.
Form of attributive adjective.
An independent adjective can occur independently, i.e. without the subject it modifies.
Form of independent adjective.
Independent adjectives are nominalizations, e.g. Chinese.
Independent adjectives are root forms.
Independent adjectives require a dummy head noun, e.g. English A good one versus *A good.
A predicate adjective is an adjective that is used to predicate an attribute of the subject.
Agreement properties of the predicate adjective.
Predicate adjectives agree with the subject, but the type of agreement is not specified. Sometimes agreement may be only in gender or number.
Form of predicate adjective.
Predicate adjectives are nominals.
Predicate adjectives are prepositional phrases, e.g. pseudo-English he is with goodness.
Predicate adjectives are treated as (stative) verbs.A predicate adjective is an adjective that is used to predicate an attribute of the subject.A stative verb is a lexical verb whose meaning expresses a state, rather than an event.If the language has a separate class of stative verbs, adjectives will be part of that class.
Information concerning adpositions, including: marking, form, function, complement and case government.
Complement of the adposition is a pronoun.
The pronominal complement of the adposition is an object.
Pronominal complements of adpositions are possessive forms, e.g. my back for after me.
The pronominal complement of the adposition is a subject.
The assignment of case values.
Information concerning which case adpositions assign.
Accusative case is assigned by adpositions.
Dative/ablataive case is assigned by adpositions.
Genitive case is assigned by adpositions.
Nominative case is assigned by adpositions.
Certain adposition show deviant case marking.
Adposition 'except' has an unexpected case.
The negative comitative 'except' takes accusative case, unlike other adpositions.
The negative comitative 'except' takes nominative case, unlike other adpositions.
Adposition 'with' has an unexpected case.
The comitative 'with' takes accusative case, unlike other adpositions.
The comitative 'with' takes nominative case unlike other adpositions.
Information concerning the form of adpositions: their etymology and their complexity.
A complex form consists of more than one linguistic form.
Complex adpositions are formed with a prepositional phrase plus genitive marker, e.g. English on top of or at the back of.
Complex adpositions have the form of a head noun plus a genitive marker.
Information concernning the etymology, i.e. origin, of adpositions.
When viewed diachronically, adpositions have their origin in nouns, e.g. before comes from face.
When viewed diachronically, adpositions have their origin in verbs, e.g. with comes from to accompany.
A simplex form consists of one form, it has no affixes and is not part of a compound.
The language has morphologically simplex postpositions.
The language has morphologically simplex prepositions.
Function of S, A, P, R, Poss or Overt Reduced Person Marker or adposition.
Information concerning further functions that adpositions can have.
Adpositions may also function as adverbs, e.g. English there and at.
Adpositions may also function as conjunctions, e.g. Dutch na.
The way adpositions are marked.
The adposition is marked by an affix.
Description of the morphosyntactic conditions which influence the alignment or marker in question.
Intensifiers (or emphatic reflexives) are semantically defined as expressions that establish a contrast between a 'central' referent and a set of alternative (peripheral) referents. The periphery of a referent X can also be defined as the set of all individuals Y that stand in some contextually salient relation to X. Intensifiers are formally defined as elements that may occur in different positions of a clause; the contribution that they make to the interpretation of a sentence varies accordingly. Intensifiers may adjoin to NP's and VP's, for the latter a distinction can be made between an exclusive usage (e.g. 'I always open the letters myself') and an inclusive usage (e.g. 'I have children myself'). In languages which clearly distinguish between intensifiers and reflexive pronouns, intensifiers cannot occur in argument position without a nominal or pronominal head to which they attach.
The specific form of an intensifier.
A distinction is made between two basic use types of intensifiers: Adnominal (the intensifier is in construction with an NP) and Adverbial (the intensifier is adjoined to a VP).
The form of the intensifier has a lexical source, e.g. the Hungarian adnominal intensifier mag comes from 'seed'.
An explanation of the notation used in a field (e.g., of symbols or abbreviations).
A reflexive marker indicates that two NP's co-occuring in a local environment have identical referents.
Specification of the selectional restrictions on the referent of the NP interacting with the intensifier.
Information concerning the source of the data.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Information concerning manner encoding
Form of the manner adverb.
Manner adverb is some sort of a clausal construction.
The manner adverb is expressed with a finite subordinate simultaneous clause, e.g. 'he runs while he is fast'.
Manner adverb is expressed by a locational construction, e.g. pseudo-English he runs in fast/speed.
The manner adverb is expressed as a relative clause, e.g. English 'he, who is fast, runs'.
Manner adverb is some form of an adjective or of a noun.
The manner adverb has the form of an invariable adjective, e.g. he runs fast.
The manner adverb is expressed by the neutrum form of the adjective, e.g. Swedish 'han sjungervacker-t.
The manner adverb is expressed by the instrumental form of the adjective, e.g. pseudo-English he runs with fast.
The manner adverb has the form of an abstract noun, pseudo-English he runs speed.
The manner adverb is expressed by an adjective plus a marker (with the meaning 'like'), e.g. English he walks slowly.
The manner adverb is expressed by an adjective in combination with a pronoun of the third person, e.g. pseudo-English he runs, it (is) fast.
The manner adverb has the same form as the instrumental form of an abstract noun.
Manner adverb is some form of a verb.
The manner adverb has the form of a converb, e.g. 'he runs, it being fast'.
The manner adverb is expressed as a higher predicate, e.g. English 'his running was fast'.
The manner adverb has the form of the instrumental form of the infinitive, e.g. pseudo-English he runs with it be fast.
The manner adverb has the form of a participle, e.g. 'he runs being fast'.
The manner adverb has the form of a serialized verb, e.g. pseudo-English he runs, he fasts.
Part-of-speech used to mark manner.
The marker of the manner adverb is an idefinite pronoun, e.g. pseudo-English he runs, a fast one.
The marker of manner adverb is noun meaning 'manner', 'way', e.g. English 'he runs in a fast manner/way'.
In this rare construction, the marker of the manner adverb is a verb 'be', 'be like', e.g. pseudo-English he runs like fast/it being fast. This phenomenon is found mainly in South East Asian languages, e.g. in Cambodia.
Information concerning general morphological processes.
Information concerning reduplication as a morphological process in the language.
Any additional information related to reduplication.
Summarizing remarks on the diachrony of the reduplication system of a language.
Relation between the forms and the functions of reduplication in a language: whether one or more forms correspond to one or more functions.
Summarizing remarks on the productivity of the reduplication system of a language.
Recursive (morphological) operations (e.g. German: Ur-ur-großvater 'great great grandfather') in a language.
List of the reduplication types which occur in a language. They can be defined formally and/or functionally.
Repetitive (syntactic) operations (e.g. English: very very good) in a language.
Stylistic limitations or variations of the reduplication system of a language (e.g. restricted to poetic use).
Summarizing remarks on the reduplication system of a language.
The languages of the world can be distinguished in several morphological types
Information concerning nouns, especially nominal morphology and case system.
Information concerning the identical coding of different cases, whether this is done morphologically, syntactically or lexically.
The agentive case has the same form as ablative case.
The agentive case has the same form as comitative case.
Instrumental case has the same form as ablative case.
Instrumental case has the same form as agentive case.
Instrumental case has the same form as comitative case
Consideration of whether there are (partially) morphologically conditioned (see Corbett 1991 on formal systems) subclasses of lexemes used as the head of a referential phrase (see Hengeveld & Valstar, unpublished).
Nouns can function as the agent of a clause.
Agent nouns are formed from verbs through derivation.
Agent nouns are formed by a verb stem plus an affix, e.g. English walk-er.
Agent nouns have the form of relative clauses, e.g. he, who walks.
Nouns have morphological case for locational functions, prepositions and post positions do not count.
Nouns have morphological gender marking.
Nouns can be marked for number.
There is an indication of plurality by some lexical device or in the article, e.g. Polynesian.
Nouns have morphological plural marking.
Types of semantic roles represented by obliques, i.e. case marked by a non-prototypical marker.
Consideration of the nature of morphologically conditioned stem alternation for lexemes used as heads of referential phrases.
The thematic role indicates the semantic function of the noun.
In terms of core case marking, the subject and object are differentiated by morphological marking.
Parts-of-speech system according to the analysis presented in Hengeveld, Rijkhoff & Siewierska (2004)
Parts-of-speech are the major parts of a language: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections
Information concerning pronouns, including grammatical distinctions and pronoun types.
The form of different pronoun types. For position of the different pronoun types, see under Clause Constructions.
A demonstrative pronoun refers to the spatial, discourse or temporal location of the referent.
Demonstrative pronouns are words whose basic role is to locate a referent in relation to a speaker, an addressee, or some other person (cf. Matthews 2005 : 91)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Information concerning the form of the impersonal pronoun
Information concerning the form of the impersonal pronoun.
The dummy head noun has the same form as the personal or the demonstrative pronoun.
To express the meaning that equals the English impersonal 'it' a locative item is used, e.g. pseudo-English rain is in it for it rains.
To express the meaning that equals the English impersonal 'it' a possessive construction is used, e.g. pseudo-English it/the world has rain for it rains.
Impersonal pronoun is a nominal, e.g. pseudo-English the world rains, the earth is cold for it's raining and it's cold.
An indefinite pronoun refers to an unspecified person or entity.
Information concerning the form of the indefinite pronoun.
Information concerning the form of the personal pronoun
This feature pertains to the grammatical case distinctions that are made in the pronoun paradigm
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Grammatical distinctions pertaining to pronouns, such as case marking, number properties, etc.
Affixation of an element that encodes grammatical number on the pronoun
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Pronouns can be marked for number.
Personal pronouns have a lexical plural marking stragety, e.g. English you versus you all or you guys.
Personal pronouns have a morpheme marking plural.
The numbers distinguished in a pronominal system, e.g., singular-dual-plural
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
A classification of the pronominal system according to the oppositions that occur. The primary classification is according to clusivity types A, B, C and L. These are cross referenced (divided into subtypes) with the type of number oppositions, with the values: no number, plural, dual, trial and quadral.
Personal pronouns have gender distinctions, e.g. English he, she, it.
Personal pronouns carry case marking.
Inclusive personal pronouns are distinguished from exclusive personal pronouns.
The pronominal clusivity system can be divided in inclusivity and exclusivity in the pronoun paradigm, e.g. the Indonesian plural pronouns "kita", inclusive meaning of "you and I" and "kami", exclusive meaning of "we"
Suppletion is a morphological process or alternation in which one form wholly replaces another (save for the case of partial suppletion) (cf. Matthews 2005 : 365)
The pronoun is an unmarked form.
There are free (independent) personal pronouns for argument functions.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Alignment system of the free pronoun.
Description of the morphosyntactic conditions which influence the alignment or marker in question.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
There are relations of homophony, i.e. one form may express several meanings.
There is homophony within the paradigm of markers or free pronouns on a horizontal dimension.
Vertical homophonies in the relevant person marker in the encoding of different persons in the non-singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
An inclusive and exclusive distinction is attested with the relevant marker or free pronoun.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Gender distinctions occurring with particular markers.
Number distinctions encoded with the relevant marker or free pronouns
Person distinctions in relevant person marker or pronouns are encoded by an overt person marker.
The possessive pronoun is ummarked.
Identification of the linguistic form or category distinction of the marker or free pronoun for number and/or gender agreement.
There is homophony within the paradigm of markers or free pronouns on a horizontal dimension.
An inclusive and exclusive distinction is attested with the relevant marker or free pronoun.
Gender distinctions occurring with particular markers.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Number distinctions encoded with the relevant marker or free pronouns
Person distinctions in relevant person marker or pronouns are encoded by an overt person marker.
Vertical homophonies in the relevant person marker in the encoding of different persons in the non-singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
The relevant marker attests an honorific distinction.
No neutralisation in the pronominal system, i.e. all possible pronominal distinctions are present
Pronouns can attach themselves to the lexical item that precedes or follows them, and form a phonological unit with them, e.g. French and Austro-Asiatic languages.
This refers to certain pronominal distinctions that are missing in the paradigm, e.g. the first person exclusive in a certain system
Suppletion is a morphological process or alternation in which one form wholly replaces another (save for the case of partial suppletion) (cf. Matthews 2005 : 365)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Consideration of the nature of morphologically conditioned stem alternation for lexemes used as heads of predicate phrases.
Consideration of the nature of morphologically conditioned stem alternation for lexemes used as modifiers within referential phrases.
Information concerning verbs, especially verbal morphology.
Consideration of whether there are (partially) morphologically conditioned (see Corbett 1991 on formal systems) subclasses of lexemes used predicatively. This excludes phonologically and semantically conditioned subclasses (see Hengeveld & Valstar, unpublished).
Information concerning the form and distribution of mood distinction.
Subordinate clauses have a mood that is different from all other sentences.
Conditional clauses have a mood that is different from all other sentences.
Imperative mood is stem form of verb.
Interrogative sentences have a mood that is different from all other sentences.
Relative clauses have a mood that is different from all other sentences.
Information concerning the form, properties of and conditions on the encoding of non-finite verb forms and its complements.
Whether converbs are possible in the language. If yes, further information on converbs.
Case marking of the converb's complements (agent and patient).
The agent of the converb is marked for case.
The case in which the agent of the active converb is.
The case in which the agent of the passive converb is.
The patient of the converb is marked for case.
The case in which the patient of the active converb is.
The case in which the patient of the passive converb is.
The construction is expressed in a specific manner.
Converb consists of a verb stem and conjunction.
The converb has a specific form and shows correlations with other forms.
Information on shared morphosyntactic characteristics between converbs and other forms.
Converbs have the morphosyntactic characteristics of adjectives.
Converbs correlate with case forms of infinitives.
Converbs correlate with case forms of participles.
Converbs have the morphosyntactic characteristics of nouns.
Converbs have the morphosyntactic characteristics of prepositional phrases.
Converbs have the morphosyntactic characteristics of serialized verbs.
Converbs have the morphosyntactic characteristics of manner adverbs.
Information pertaining to the form of the converb.
Information on the case marking of the simultaneous converb.
Consecutive converb is marked for ablative case.
Simultaneous converb is marked for dative case.
Simultaneous converb is marked for locative case.
Does the language have active/passive past/present converbs?
The language has active past converbs.
The language has active present converbs.
The language has passive past converbs.
The language has passive present converbs.
What part of speech do converbs behave like?
A converb behaves like a noun, which may be in any respect within the range of morphological or syntactic characteristics a noun can have.
A converb behaves like a verb, which may be in any respect within the range of morphological or syntactic characteristics a verb can have.
Syntactic conditions which apply to converbs.
A converb requires the same subject as the subject of the main verb.
Whether the language has infinitives, and if yes, whether they behave like nouns or verbs.
The cases used to mark the agent and the patient of an infinitive.
The agent is marked by a specific case.
The agent of the active infinitive is marked for agentive case.
The agent of the active infinitive is marked for nominative case.
The agent of the active infinitive is marked for possessive case.
The agent of the passive infinitive is marked for agentive case.
The agent of the passive infinitive is marked for nominative case.
The agent of the passive infinitive is marked for possessive case.
The agent is marked by a specific case.
The patient of the active infinitive is marked for accusative case.
The patient of the active infinitive is marked for nominative case.
The patient of the active infinitive is marked for possessive case.
The patient of the passive infinitive is marked for accusative case.
The patient of the passive infinitive is marked for nominative case.
The patient of the passive infinitive is marked for possessive case.
Infinitives correlate with certain other forms.
Infinitive correlates with verb stem.
An infinitive is a derived action nominal.
Infinitives have the morphosyntactic characteristics of action nominals.
Infinitives correlate with case forms of action nominals.
Infinitives correlate with case forms of converbs.
Infinitives correlate with case forms of participles.
Infinitives have the morphosyntactic characteristics of converbs.
Infinitives have the morphosyntactic characteristics of participles.
Information whether the infinitive has active/passive present/past forms.
Infinitives have the same form as the active past.
Infinitives have the same form as the active present.
Infinitives have the same form as the passive past.
Infinitives have the same form as the passive present.
Infinitives can have the syntactic function of subject or object.
Parts of speech are the (linguistic) word classes that exist in a language, e.g. verbs, nouns, adjectives etc.
An infinitive behaves like a noun, which may be in any respect within the range of morphological or syntactic characteristics a noun can have.
An infinitive behaves like a verb, which may be in any respect within the range of morphological or syntactic characteristics a verb can have.
Information on the cases used by the complements of the infinitives.
In the language there exists an accusativus cum infinitivo construction.
Transitive verbs have their objects in the genitive case, e.g. the destroying of the city'.
Transitive verbs have their subjects in the genitive case, e.g. the enemy's destroying'.
Whether the language has participles, if yes further information on participles.
The cases assigned to the agent and to the patient of the participle.
Agent of the particicple is marked for case.
Agent of participle is marked for agentive case.
Agent of participle is marked for nominative case.
Agent of participle is marked for possessive case.
Patient of the particicple is marked for case.
Patient of participle is marked for accusative case.
Patient of participle is marked for nominative case.
Patient of participle is marked for possessive case.
The construction is expressed in a specific manner.
The participle is formed by a verbal stem and a pronominal item.
The participle has a specific form and this may correlate with other forms.
Participles show morphosyntactic characteristics of other parts-of-speech.
Participles have the morphosyntactic characteristics of adjectives.
Participles have the morphosyntactic characteristics of predicate nouns with the function of the agent of an action.
Information on active/passive present/past participles.
The language has active past participles.
The language has active present participles.
The language has passive past participles.
The language has passive present participles.
The perfect participle has an active voice.
The perfect participle has a passive voice.
Parts of speech are the (linguistic) word classes that exist in a language, e.g. verbs, nouns, adjectives etc.
A participle behaves like a noun, which may be in any respect within the range of morphological or syntactic characteristics a noun can have.
A participle behaves like a verb, which may be in any respect within the range of morphological or syntactic characteristics a verb can have.
Syntactic conditions which apply to participle constructions.
In the language there exists an absolute ablative construction.
Participles can have a subject which is different from the subject of the main verb.
A participle requires the same subject as the subject of the main verb.
Whether the non-finite verb forms can be modified by adverbs.
The converb is modified by an adverb.
The infinitive is modified by an adverb.
The participle is modified by an adverb.
Verb types that can be derived by derivation.
Applicative verbs can arise out of process(es) of derivation.
Causative verbs can arise out of process(es) of derivation.
Inchoative verbs can arise out of process(es) of derivation.
Intransitive verbs can arise out of process(es) of derivation.
Locative verbs can arise out of process(es) of derivation.
Transitive verbs can arise out of process(es) of derivation.
Information concerning verbal morphology of finite verb forms.
Information on agreement between the verb and its subject / object, etc.
Agreement is according to certain patterns.
In all constructions agreement is the same for subject and patient but different for the agent.
Agreement is the same for subject and patient but different for the agent in past or perfect constructions only.
In the language there is a split between person and number agreement on verbs.
Agreement of the verb with third person singular is unmarked.
The agreement marker shows correlations with other forms.
The object marker on the verb has the same form as the possessive pronominal marking on nouns.
The subject marker on the verb has the same form as the possessive pronominal marking on nouns.
Information pertaining to the presence of agreement markers.
The verb has an integrated flectional marking for subject and object.
The copula must be overtly marked for the object.
The verb must be overtly marked for the object.
The verb has a special flectional marking for subject.
Information on the form and occurrence of tense marking.
Tense is marked by morphological means.
The present tense is unmarked.
Tense is allowed to be expressed on nouns and adjectives.
Information concerning the position of the verbal tense marker.
Constructions within a clause, but at a level higher than within a single phrase.
Overt, overt reduced and covert agreement markers of possessors, arguments S, A, P and R, etc.
There are certain agreement phenomena for number and/or gender.
Category which shows agreement in number and/or gender.
Category which shows agreement in number and/or gender with the possessor.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Identification of the target and/or means of number and gender agreement.
There is agreement on the verb for number and/or gender.
Identification of the linguistic form or category distinction of the marker or free pronoun for number and/or gender agreement.
There are specific conditions which pertain to the number/gender agreement.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
There is verb alignment for number or gender
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Identification of the target and/or means of number and gender agreement.
Similarity between markers S, A, P, R, Possessive and the Overt Reduced Person Marker, i.e., possessive marker is similar to overt verbal marker (S,A,P,R)
Conditions under which the relevant marker has zero, i.e. no overt, exponence.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Members of the paradigm which are identical to the verbal Overt Reduced Person Marker (ORPM).
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
The possessor is marked by a certain feature.
Identification of the linguistic form or category distinction of the marker or free pronoun for number and/or gender agreement.
Description of the morphosyntactic conditions which influence the alignment or marker in question.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Function of S, A, P, R, Poss or Overt Reduced Person Marker or adposition.
Homophonies in the encoding of the relevant markers in the singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
There is homophony within the paradigm of markers or free pronouns on a horizontal dimension.
An inclusive and exclusive distinction is attested with the relevant marker or free pronoun.
Gender distinctions occurring with particular markers.
Number distinctions encoded with the relevant marker or free pronouns
Person distinctions in relevant person marker or pronouns are encoded by an overt person marker.
The relevant marker attests an honorific distinction.
The possessor marker shows similarities to other markers.
Similarity between markers S, A, P, R, Possessive and the Overt Reduced Person Marker, i.e., possessive marker is similar to overt verbal marker (S,A,P,R)
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Whether or not the Possessive marker is similar to independent personal or possessive pronouns and if so to which functions.
Vertical homophonies in the relevant person marker in the encoding of different persons in the non-singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
Specific features which function as markers of S, A, P and R.
A is marked by a certain feature.
Identification of the linguistic form or category distinction of the marker or free pronoun for number and/or gender agreement.
Description of the morphosyntactic conditions which influence the alignment or marker in question.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Function of S, A, P, R, Poss or Overt Reduced Person Marker or adposition.
Homophonies in the encoding of the relevant markers in the singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
There is homophony within the paradigm of markers or free pronouns on a horizontal dimension.
An inclusive and exclusive distinction is attested with the relevant marker or free pronoun.
Gender distinctions occurring with particular markers.
Number distinctions encoded with the relevant marker or free pronouns
Person distinctions in relevant person marker or pronouns are encoded by an overt person marker.
The relevant marker attests an honorific distinction.
Vertical homophonies in the relevant person marker in the encoding of different persons in the non-singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
P is marked by a specific feature.
Identification of the linguistic form or category distinction of the marker or free pronoun for number and/or gender agreement.
Description of the morphosyntactic conditions which influence the alignment or marker in question.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Function of S, A, P, R, Poss or Overt Reduced Person Marker or adposition.
Homophonies in the encoding of the relevant markers in the singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
There is homophony within the paradigm of markers or free pronouns on a horizontal dimension.
An inclusive and exclusive distinction is attested with the relevant marker or free pronoun.
Gender distinctions occurring with particular markers.
Number distinctions encoded with the relevant marker or free pronouns
Person distinctions in relevant person marker or pronouns are encoded by an overt person marker.
The relevant marker attests an honorific distinction.
Vertical homophonies in the relevant person marker in the encoding of different persons in the non-singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
R is marked by a certain feature.
Identification of the linguistic form or category distinction of the marker or free pronoun for number and/or gender agreement.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Function of S, A, P, R, Poss or Overt Reduced Person Marker or adposition.
Homophonies in the encoding of the relevant markers in the singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
There is homophony within the paradigm of markers or free pronouns on a horizontal dimension.
An inclusive and exclusive distinction is attested with the relevant marker or free pronoun.
Gender distinctions occurring with particular markers.
Description of the morphosyntactic conditions which influence the alignment or marker in question.
Number distinctions encoded with the relevant marker or free pronouns
Person distinctions in relevant person marker or pronouns are encoded by an overt person marker.
The relevant marker attests an honorific distinction.
Vertical homophonies in the relevant person marker in the encoding of different persons in the non-singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
S is marked by a certain feature
Identification of the linguistic form or category distinction of the marker or free pronoun for number and/or gender agreement.
Description of the morphosyntactic conditions which influence the alignment or marker in question.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Function of S, A, P, R, Poss or Overt Reduced Person Marker or adposition.
Homophonies in the encoding of the relevant markers in the singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
There is homophony within the paradigm of markers or free pronouns on a horizontal dimension.
An inclusive and exclusive distinction is attested with the relevant marker or free pronoun.
Gender distinctions occurring with particular markers.
Description of the morphosyntactic conditions which influence the alignment or marker in question.
Number distinctions encoded with the relevant marker or free pronouns
Person distinctions in relevant person marker or pronouns are encoded by an overt person marker.
The relevant marker attests an honorific distinction.
Vertical homophonies in the relevant person marker in the encoding of different persons in the non-singular involving only overt forms (not zeroes as in English).
Morphological ordering of agreement markers and/or tense markers
The A marker precedes the P marker.
The markers for A and P occur on either side of the host
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
The markers for A and P follow the host
The markers for A and P preced the host
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
The R marker precedes the P marker.
The marker for S precedes the TAM markers.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Form or category of Overt Reduced Person Markers, including Overt Reduced Non-subject Person Markers.
Function of S, A, P, R, Poss or Overt Reduced Person Marker or adposition.
Identity of an Overt Reduced (Non-subject) Person Marker.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Form or category of Overt Reduced Non-subject Person Marker.
Identity of an Overt Reduced (Non-subject) Person Marker.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Information concerning the canonical order of constituents within the clause
Subject, object and verb occur in a certain order, which indicates the basic word order of a language.
The basic word order of the clause. Hengeveld, Rijkhoff & Siewierska (2004:542): This is a classification of 'clausal word order in terms of the location of predicates, rather than of verbs, relative to their arguments'. This is based on the order obtaining in 'main, positive, declarative clauses with two overt referential phrases'. 'The major criterion for assigning a basic order is statistical frequency. In languages exhibiting considerable word order variation, we assign a unique basic order only if one of the word order patterns is at least twice as common as any other order, following Dryer (1997).'
The order of Subject and Predicate with respect to each other (Hengeveld, Rijkhoff & Siewierska 2004:545)
Indication of whether there is a morphologically marked change in the order of subject and predicate with respect to each other.
Information concerning the different possibilities of coordination.
Information concerning the different possibilities of noun phrase and verb phrase conjunction
Whether identical elements in a conjunction can be deleted.
If there are identical items in a coordination the first occurrence of these items can be deleted, e.g. Japanese and pseudo-English I to New York and Bill went to Paris.
If there are identical items in a coordination the second occurrence of these items can be deleted, e.g. English I went to New York and Bill to Paris.
Information pertaining to similarities between the conjunctional items used for noun phrases and verb phrases.
There are correlations between different conjunction constructions: is the construction for simultaneous verb phrases the same as the construction for consecutive verb phrases? (More values are possible if the language has more conjunction constructions.)
The conjunction used to link noun phrases is not the same as the conjunction used to link verb phrases that are in consecutive relation.
The conjunction used to link noun phrases is the same as the conjunction used to link verb phrases that are in consecutive relation.
The conjunction used to link noun phrases is not the same as the conjunction used to link verb phrases with temporal overlap.
The conjunction used to link noun phrases is the same as the conjunction used to link sentences. e.g. English and.
The conjunction used to link noun phrases is the same as the conjunction used to link verb phrases with temporal overlap.
The conjunction used to link noun phrases is the same as the conjunction used to link verb phrases.
The conjunction used to link verb phrases is the same as the conjunction to link sentences.
The conjunction of the noun phrase has certain properties.
The construction is expressed in a specific manner.
If a pronoun and an NP are conjoined it is obligatory to express the pronoun in the non-singular, e.g. West-African languages.
The conjunctional item may be identical to other items.
The item used as a conjunction for noun phrase coordination is identical to the comitative marker 'with'. This can be either an adposition or an affix.
The item used as a conjunction in noun phrase coordination is identical to the copula that is used with predicate nominals.
The item used as a conjunction in noun phrase coordination is identical to the copula that is used with predicate adjective constructions.
The item used as a conjunction in noun phrase coordination is identical to the verb used with existential predicates.
The item used as a conjunction in noun phrase coordination is identical to the verb used with locational predicates.
The conjunctional item is located in a specific position.
The conjunction of verb phrases has certain specifics.
The members of this field have to do with the temporal relation between the verb phrases that are conjoined. This relation may be either simultaneous or consecutive.
The conjoined verb phrases are in a consecutive relation, i.e. they occur after one another.
The construction is expressed in a specific manner.
In the linking of two verb phrases with a consecutive relation between the two events the construction contains a conjunctional item.
In the linking of two verb phrases with a consecutional relation between the two events one of the verb phrases has a non-finite form.
In the linking of two verb phrases with a consecutional relation between the two events the verb phrases are in serialization construction.
In verb phrase coordination with a consecutive relation between the events, the specific location in which the conjunctional item is located.
The conjoined verb phrases are in a simultaneous relation, i.e. they occur simultaneously.
The construction is expressed in a specific manner.
In the linking of two verb phrases with temporal overlap between the two events one of the verb phrases has a non-finite form, e.g. English 'while singing'.
In the linking of two verb phrases with temporal overlap between the two events the verb phrases are in serialization construction.
In the linking of two verb phrases with temporal overlap between the two events the construction contains a conjunctional item.
In verb phrase coordination with temporal overlap between the events, the specific location in which the conjunctional item is located.
Information concerning the different possibilities of noun phrase and verb phrase conjunction
Information concerning the different encoding possibilities of negative disjunction, by which is meant a construction which is conceptual equivalent to the English neither-nor.
The item used for disjunction is formed from a combination of the item for negation together with the verb for 'be'.
The item used for disjunction is formed from a combination of the item for negation together with the item used for coordination, e.g. 'not Bill and not John'.
The item used for disjunction is formed from a combination of the item for negation together with the item used for disjunction.
Information concerning the different encoding possibilities of positive disjunction, by which is meant a construction which is conceptual equivalent to the English either-or.
Noun phrase disjunction and verb phrase disjunction show correlations.
The item used for the disjunction of noun phrases is the same as the item used for the disjunction of verb phrases.
Noun phrase disjunction is encoded in a specific manner.
The item used for the disjunction of noun phrases is formed from a combination of the item for negation together with the verb for 'be', e.g. pseudo-English John it is not Bill.
The item used for the disjunction of noun phrases is formed from a combination of the item for negation together with the item used for noun phrase coordination.
Verb phrase disjunction is encoded in a specific manner.
The item used for the disjunction of verb phrases is formed from a combination of the item for negation together with the verb for 'be'.
The item used for the disjunction of verb phrases is formed from a combination of the item for negation together with the item used for verb phrase coordination.
Consideration of whether a copula is used in assigning property in non–verbal predications (see Hengeveld 1992 and later unpublished work).
The grammatical alignment is structured.
Grammatical alignment in terms of head marking.
Grammatical alignment given pertains to main, active, positive, indicative clauses in the non-past, non-future, imperfective and if differences in person are involved, to first over second person over third (see Siewierska 1998). (For instance: ergative.)
Description of the morphosyntactic conditions which influence the alignment or marker in question.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
A marker of negation denies or inverts the meaning conveyed by an item or construction.
Information concerning the encoding of complex negation constructions
Information concerning the form of the complement of the negative construction.
Subject of the negative sentence is in genitive case, e.g. pseudo-English his walking wasn't.
The complex negation construction has a specific form.
The complex negative form is expressed with an auxiliary plus a negative participle, converb or infinitve.
The complex negative form is expressed with a negative auxiliary plus a participle, converb or infinitive.
A negative imperative is a complex form.
A negative indicative is a complex form.
Negative auxiliary has a specific form.
The negative auxiliary is a form that equals the meaning of 'be'.
Information concerning negation
The simplex negation has a specific form.
The construction is expressed in a specific manner.
The negative auxiliary is formed from the item used for negation together with a copula.
The negative auxiliary is formed from the item used for negation together with a locative or existential verb.
Information concerning the form of the negation marker.
A particle expresses negation.
An auxiliary expresses negation.
A prefix on the verb expresses negation.
A suffix on the verb expresses negation.
The negative construction shows correlations in form with other constructions.
The expression of negation of a verb is the same as the expression of negation of a noun.
The expression of negation of the indicative is the same as the expression of negation for the imperative, e.g. Dutch.
Information concerning the encoding of passive voice.
The morphological or syntactic form of a passive construction.
Forms of perfective of passive correlate with forms of perfective of active.
The auxiliary that is used to form the perfective of the passive is the same as the the auxiliary that is used to form the perfective of the active.
Passive is expressed using an auxiliary together with a non-finite verb form, e.g. Dutch and English.
Auxiliary is similar to other items.
The auxiliary of the passive has the same form as the copula that is used in nominal predicate constructions.
The auxiliary used to form the passive has the same form as the copula that is used in predicate adjective constructions.
The auxiliary of the passive has the same form as the verb that is used in existential predicate constructions.
The auxiliary of the passive has the same form as the verb that is used in locational predicate constructions.
The auxiliary of the passive has the same form as the verb that is used in predicative possessional constructions.
Non-finite verb form has a specific form when marked for passive.
The non-finite verb form in a passive construction is a locative construction, e.g. Celtic.
The non-finite verb form in a passive construction is a nomen actionis.
The non-finite verb form in a passive construction is a nomen patientis.
The non-finite verb form in a passive construction is a participle, e.g. English.
There is special passive morphology on the verb.
Passive meanings are represented by a third person singular or plural active verb form, e.g. they killed him and Hebrew.
Passive is possible for certain linguistic items.
Other functions than the direct object in the active can become the subject in the passive (in other words: can be passivized), e.g. English.
Intransitive verbs can be passivized, e.g. Dutch er wordt gedanst.
Information concerning the way perfect constructions are formed.
Information pertaining to the form of the auxiliary in perfective contructions.
Information concerning the correlation in form between the auxiliary that is used to form the perfect and other verb categories in the language.
Auxiliary of the perfective is the same item as the copula that is used to link the nominal predicate to its subject of predication.
Auxiliary of the perfective is the same item as the copula that is used to link the predicate adjective to its subject of predication.
Auxiliary of the perfective is the same item as the verb that is used with the existential predicate.
Auxiliary of the perfective is the same item as the verb that is used with the locational predicate.
Auxiliary of the perfective is the same item as the verb that is used with the predicative possession.
There may be several auxiliaries to mark the perfective within one language.
There are different auxiliaries for active and passive perfective constructions.
There are different auxiliaries for intransitive and transitive perfective constructions.
The auxiliary in the perfective construction has a specific morphological form.
Auxiliary of the perfective only has a form for third person.
Auxiliary of the perfective is morphologically marked on the subject.
Auxiliary of the perfective is not overtly marked.
Form of the perfective construction.
Information concerning the correlation (similarities, identities) in form between perfective constructions and other non-perfective constructions in the language.
Perfect is expressed by an existential predicate construction.
Perfect is expressed by a locational predicate construction.
Perfect is expressed with a predicate adjective construction.
Perfect is expressed by a nominal predicate construction.
Perfect is expressed by a predicate possessive construction.
Perfect is expressed by a progressive construction.
Perfect is similar to passive constructions, but there is no specification of how exactly
There may be various ways of expressing the perfective within one language.
A perfect tense construction that is different for transitive/intransitive verbs is very common in ergative languages. Different constructions are used for sentences as 'I have seen him' and 'I have slept'.
Information pertaining to the syntactic complexity of the perfective construction.
The perfective construction has a complex form.
Perfect is expressed through an auxiliary plus an agent noun.
Perfect is expressed through an auxiliary plus a comitative nominalization.
Perfect is expressed through an auxiliary plus a finite verb-form.
Perfect is expressed through an auxiliary plus an infinitive or action nominal.
Perfect is expressed through an auxiliary plus a locative nominalization.
Perfect is expressed through an auxiliary plus a participle.
Perfect is expressed through a particle plus a finite verb-form.
The perfective construction has a simplex form.
The relative pronoun occupies a certain position within the clause.
Information concerning the position of the relative pronoun.
Information concerning the way progressive constructions are expressed.
Information on the form and complexity of progressive constructions.
Information pertaining to the form of the auxiliary.
There are correlations in form between the auxiliary and other constructions.
Progressive auxiliary has the same form as the copula that is used to link the nominal predicate to its subject of predication.
Progressive auxiliary is the same item as the copula that is used to link the predicate adjective to its subject of predication.
Progressive auxiliary has the same form as the verb that is used with the predicative existential.
Progressive auxiliary has the same form as the verb that is used with the predicative locative.
Progressive auxiliary has the same form as the verb that is used with the predicative possession.
Morphological properties of auxiliary.
The auxiliary that is used to form the progressive can occur only in the third person. This is a quite remarkable and unexplained phenomenon.
The progressive auxiliary is morphologically incorporated into the verb.
The progressive auxiliary is morphologically marked on the subject, e.g. Hausa.
The progressive auxiliary is not overtly marked.
The progressive construction has a simplex form.
The progressive has a complex form.
Progressive is expressed through a particle plus a finite verb form.
Progressive is expressed with an auxiliary plus an agent noun.
Progressive is expressed with an auxiliary plus a comitative nominalization.
Progressive is expressed through an auxiliary plus a finite verb form.
Progressive is expressed with an auxiliary plus an infinitive or an action nominal.
Progressive is expressed with an auxiliary plus a locative nominalization.
Progressive is expressed with an auxiliary plus a participle.
Information concerning the encoding of questions: position of Wh-pronouns, form of the question particle, Wh-focus, etc.
Wh-pronouns refer to unspecified persons or objects used in questions, e.g. who, what, which.
Position of the wh-pronoun within a sentence.
Content questions are requests for information, they can usually not be answered with 'yes' or 'no'.
The question marker shows correlations with other items.
The interrogative pronoun is the same item as the indefinite pronoun.
The interrogative pronoun in combination with the item used for coordination or disjunction is used for forming indefinite pronouns, e.g. pseudo-English who or who and meaning 'somebody' or 'anybody' and Dutch wie ook.
Information concerning the form of the construction of the content question.
The embedded question introduced by an interrogative pronoun has a relative clause construction, e.g. 'I didn't know (the man) who did it'.
The interrogative pronoun is obligatorily in focus.
Information pertaining to the existence of Wh-focus forms.
The source of the data is the origin of the information, i.e., where the information comes from.
Polarity questions are binary, i.e. yes/no questions.
The question particle shows correlations with other forms.
In yes/no questions the question particle is the same item as the item introducing conditional sentences.
In yes/no questions the question particle equals the item used for disjunction, e.g. German oder.
Information pertaining to the position of question particles and other constituents in the construction.
Information concerning the position of constituents such as subject and verb.
In yes/no questions subject and verb are inverted
Information concerning the position of the question particle.
Reflexivization is the process of referring to an antecedent within the same clause.
Whether reflexive marker can agree with other features.
The relation between the reflexive item and its referent is not expressed with any overt person agreement marker on the reflexive item.
The form of the reflexive pronoun expresses person agreement.
A construction expressing coreference by means of a pronoun, affix, or any other means, including zero marking. The Anaphora Typology database focuses on reflexive coreference, but some reciprocal and pronominal constructions are included.
Distribution and conditions for use of this coreference marker, i.e., productivity, prosodic and discourse requirements, markedness, and other restrictions in use.
Whether use of this coreference marker is marked (i.e., unusual or contrasting with some more neutral alternative).
A short, important explanation.
How productive this coreference marker is, i.e., how many verbs and contexts it can be used with. Values are 'Extremely productive', 'Fairly productive', and 'Restricted to a specific class'.
Whether there are conditions/restrictions on the use of the coreference marker; e.g., a marker might only be usable with grooming verbs, or with verbs of social interaction, etc.
Criterion(s) pertaining to the use of the coreference marker.
How correct the stated criterion is: does it have few or no exceptions, or is it more of a general tendency.
Whether this coreference marker can only be used under particular discourse conditions.
A short, important explanation.
Whether special intonation is required when using this coreference marker.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Where the exponent of the coreference marker appears: Occupying an NP position (in the prototypical case: object position), or as a verbal affix or clitic.
A short, important explanation.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The reflexive marker correlates with other items.
The reflexive pronoun is the same item as the personal pronoun, e.g. Swedish.
Form of the reflexive construction.
The reflexive is formed with a special morphological marker for reflexivity on the verb.
Information concerning various syntactic features and processes
In these languages the case marking forms code for definiteness, and there is a difference between definite and indefinite marking in the nominative or the accusative case. This is unseen with other cases, e.g. Finnish.
The language has the possibility to delete the subject of an underlying complement clause if there is identity with the subject of the main clause, e.g. John believes to be a genius.
Nominal categories in noun phrases are expressed only once, e.g. English '*the goods boys'.
The language can leave subjects unexpressed with finite verb forms, e.g., Spanish vivo en Madrid `I live in Madrid'. This field does not distinguish between "limited" and full pro-drop. For example, Finnish is listed as a pro-drop language but it allows pro-drop in first and second person only.
Subjects of adverbial clauses can be deleted if there is identity with the subject of the main clause.
The subject of the complement clause can take the object position in the main clause, e.g. John believed Bill to be a killer.
Information concerning the encoding of topic and focus
There are certain constituent types which may be focused.
Verbs can be placed in focus position, e.g. 'it is singing, that he did'.
Differences in expression of subject and object in focus position
Subject and object are focused in different ways.
Information pertaining to the form of the focus marker and of the focus construction.
Focus construction has a specific form.
In focus constructions a relative clause is used, expressing the non-focused part of the construction, e.g. it was John, who did it.
In focus constructions the item under focus is represented by a pronoun or pronominal index in the non-focused part of the sentence, e.g 'Bill, John saw him' or 'it's Bill the butler saw (him)'.
Focus marker has a specific form.
Focus is marked by a conjunction.
In focus constructions a focus marker is used which is the same as the copula used with predicative nominals.
Focus is marked by a particle.
The focused constituent is in a certain position in the sentence.
In focus constructions the item under focus is placed in sentence initial position.
Information on the combination of more than one clause, as in subordination, indirect speech, etc. Related topics (e.g., the form of the subordinate interrogative item 'whether') are also included.
Information concerning the combination of non-subordinate clauses
In the language there exists a non-embedded non-subordinated relative clause, which means a coordination that is functionally equivalent to a relative clause.
Information pertaining to the position of the non-embedded, non-subordinate clause.
Non-embedded, non-subordinate relative clause has a marker and a pronoun, and follows its antecedent.
Non-embedded, non-subordinate relative clause has a zero marker and a pronoun referring to the antecedent, and follows the antecedent.
Non-embedded, non-subordinate relative clause has a zero marker and a zero pronoun and follows its antecedent.
Non-embedded, non-subordinate clauses with a marker.
Non-embedded, non-subordinate relative clause has a marker and a pronoun, e.g. pseudo-English I saw the man that he run away.
Conditions on occurrence of clauses with marker and zero pronoun
Non-embedded, non-subordinate relative clause has a marker and a zero pronoun.
Non-embedded, non-subordinate clauses with a zero marker
Non-embedded, non-subordinate relative clause has a zero marker and a pronoun referring to the antecedent.
Conditions on the occurrence of clauses with zero marker and a pronoun
Non-embedded, non-subordinate relative clause has a zero marker and a zero pronoun.
Conditions on the occurrence of clauses with zero marker and zero pronoun
The are shared features between relative clause constructions and other constructions.
The relative clause is marked in the same way as coordination.
An embedded subordinate clause cannot stand alone, it forms a sentence together with the independent clause it modifies.
In the language there exists an embedded relative clause, e.g. English the man that I saw.
Embedded subordinate clauses have external head
Embedded subordinate clauses with external head are finite
Embedded subordinate clauses contain a marker
Embedded relative clause has a marker and a pronoun to refer to the antecedent
Conditions on the occurrence of clauses with a marker and a pronoun
Position of the marker of the embedded relative clause.
Embedded relative clause has a marker and no pronoun referring to the antecedent
Conditions on the occurrence of clauses with marker and zero pronoun
Position of the marker of the relative clause.
Embedded subordinate clauses contain a zero marker
Embedded subordinate clauses have no marker but have a pronoun referring to the antecedent
Embedded relative clause has no marker but has a pronoun that refers to the antecedent.
Conditions on the occurrence of clauses with zero marker and a pronoun
Embedded relative clauses have no marker and no pronoun to refer to the antecedent
Embedded relative clause has no marker and no pronoun to refer to the antecedent.
Conditions on the occurrence of clauses with zero marker and zero pronoun
Embedded relative clauses with external head contain a non-finite form
Conditions on the occurrence of non-finite clauses
Embedded relative clause contains a non-finite form for functions other than subject or direct object.
The non-finite clause has a specific form.
Embedded relative clause contains an agent noun.
Conditions on the occurrence of an agent noun in the embedded relative clause
Embedded relative clause contains a non-finite form which is a converb.
Conditions on the occurrence of a converb in the embedded relative clause
Embedded relative clause contains a non-finite form which is a participle.
Conditions on the occurrence of participle in embedded relative clauses
Embedded subordinate clauses have internal head
Form of embedded subordinate clause.
Embedded relative clauses have an internal head.
Embedded relative clause has an internal head and a nominalized relative clause.
Embedded relative clause has a relative pronoun referring to the antecedent.
Conditions on the occurrence of the relative pronoun
Embedded relative clause has a relative pronoun to refer to the antecedent for functions below the direct object on the relativization hierarchy of Keenan and Comrie, i.e. for oblique functions.
Information concerning indirect speech and subordinate interrogative.
Subordinate interrogative item shows correlations with other items.
A subordinate interrogative disjunction has the same form as an item introducing conditional sentences.
A subordinate interrogative conjunction has the same form as a disjunction.
Information concerning the way indirect speech is marked.
There is no special construction in the language to distinguish indirect from direct speech. This has to be derived from the context.
To mark indirect speech a verb meaning 'to say' or 'to speak' is used.
In the language there exists a non-embedded subordinate relative clause, e.g. pseudo-English who ran away, that man I saw.
Non-embedded, subordinate clauses with an external head
Finite non-embedded, subordinate clauses with an external head
Information pertaining to the coding of non-embedded, subordinate relative clauses.
Non-embedded, subordinate relative clause contains a relative pronoun
Conditions on the occurrence of coding with a relative pronoun
Non-embedded, subordinate relative clauses with an external head have non-finite form
Non-embedded subordinate relative clause contains an agent noun
Conditions on the occurrence of the agent noun
Non-embedded, subordinate relative clause contains a non-finite form which is a converb
Conditions on the occurrence of the converb
Non-embedded, subordinate relative clause contains a non-finite form, which is a participle
Non-embedded, subordinate relative clause has its antecedent inside the relative clause, e.g. West African languages and pseudo-English who the man I saw, he.
Coding of clauses with an internal head
Non-embedded, subordinate relative clauses have an internal head identified by a relative pronoun
Conditions on coding with a relative pronoun
The subordinate clause occupies a specific position with respect to its antecedent.
Embedded relative clause contains a non-finite form which is a converb and follows the antecedent.
Embedded relative clause contains a non-finite form which is a participle, and follows the antecedent.
Embedded relative clause contains an agent noun and follows the antecedent.
Embedded relative clause has a marker and a pronoun to refer to the antecedent and follows the antecedent.
Embedded relative clause has a marker and a zero pronoun and follows its antecedent
Embedded relative clause has no marker and no pronoun and follows the antecedent.
Embedded relative clause has no marker but a relative pronoun to refer to the antecedent and follows the antecedent.
Embedded relative clause is identified by a relative pronoun, and follows the antecedent.
Non-embedded, subordinate relative clause contains an agent noun which follows the antecedent
Non-embedded, subordinate relative clause contains a non-finite form which is a converb and follows the antecedent
Non-embedded, subordinate relative clause contains a relative pronoun and follows its antecedent
Information concerning the encoding of relative clauses
The subject and object are relativized in different ways.
There are differences in the relativization of subjects and objects, whatever these differences may be.
The relative clause constructions has a specific form.
The relative clause contains pronominal indexing of the antecedent.
The relative clause contains a finite verb form.
The relative clause has the form of an infinite verb form, in particular of a participle.
The relative clause is marked by a specific form.
The relative clause is marked by an invariable particle, e.g. English that.
The relative pronoun is the same item as the interrogative pronoun, e.g. English who, Dutch wat.
Lexical semantics is the study of how and what the words of a language denote
Encoding of the color categories Green and Blue (see Kay & Maffi (2005).
The number of color categories for which the language has one or possibly more than one basic color terms (see Kay & Maffi (2005).
The number of non-derived (primary or composite) color categories for which the language has one or possibly more than one basic color terms (see Kay & Maffi (2005).
Encoding of the color categories Red and Yellow (see Kay & Maffi (2005).
All properties and phenomena that belong to phonetics, phonology and morpho-phonology (but not to morphology or morpho-syntax).
Metrical phonology is a phonological theory concerned with organizing segments into groups of relative prominence. Segments are organized into syllables, syllables into metrical feet, feet into phonological words, and words into larger units. (From: SIL glossary of linguistic terms.) The prominence of these units is reflected in the stress they bear (e.g., primary, secondary, none).
A collection of general parameters and properties describing stress placement patterns.
Examples that illustrate the various stress patterns in the language.
Exceptions to the normal patterns.
Examples of exceptional stress patterns that have been reported
Descriptions of stress patterns that form exceptions to the general stress rule of the language
Reference to the source that mentions the exceptions to the general pattern
The property of having a low level prosodic element at one of the word edges (usually the syllable) that may not be counted for the computation of stress position (relevant for both main and secondary stress). Possible exponents are: final consonant, vowel, mora, syllable or foot.
The rules for primary or secondary stress placement (or both) are subject to left edge extrametricality.
The rules for primary or secondary stress placement (or both) are subject to right edge extrametricality.
The property of having a rhythmic unit prototypically consisting of a strong and a weak syllable that is either on the left or right syllable in the domain of a foot.
Iambic feet are used in the analysis of the stress pattern observed in this language
Trochaic feet are used in the analysis of the stress pattern observed in this language
Lexical marking means the location of stress is prespecified in the lexicon. The notions included specify whether a language markes stress lexically or not.
The locations of either main or secondary stresses are specified in the lexicon for the majority of the words in the language. This means that stress can be phonemic, because two non-monosyllabic words that are identical in segmental make up may differ in stress location and meaning. Note that many languages (like English and Dutch) have rules predicting stress locations for the majority of the words (so, in principle stress cannot be phonemic since following the rules will always give you stress on one particluar location per word), but they also have a minority of words in which stress is lexically specified, which introduces marginal phonemic use of stress.
This holds true for all the languages in which stress is predictable by rule. Lexical marking means the location of stress is prespecified in the lexicon (and hence minimal pairs that only differ in the location of stress may exist). In all other languages phonological rules determine the location of stress, usually with reference to word edges and/or syllabic properties.
Identification of whether primary or secondary stress placement rules use weight, i.e. is the language quantity-sensitive (weightful) or quantity insensitive (weighless).
Primary or secondary stress placement (or both) rules use weight, so the language is quantity-sensitive (weightful).
Indication of weightfullness of coda
The language is quantity-sensitive, but coda's do not contribute to syllable weight in the assignment of primary or secondary stress.
The language is quantity-sensitive, and coda's contribute to syllable weight in the assignment of primary or secondary stress (or both).
Neither primary nor secondary stress placement rules use weight, so the language as a whole is quantity-insensitive (weightless).
A general description of the stress patterns of the language.
The property of signifying whether the language has phonological words smaller than a foot.
An overview of possible primary stress placement patterns and a collection of parameters and properties describing them.
A shorthand notation for the possible location(s) of the main stress. For fixed stress languages the encoding is simple (e.g. "I" for languages with initial main stress), but if weight plays a role the encoding becomes intricate and an interplay of parameters needs to be used to determine stress placement.
Fixed stress placement surface patterns are those in which stress occurs in the same position in every word in a language. Analytically, these patterns are also sometimes called "quantity insensitive". Quantity insensitive are systems "where the main stress is always found on a fixed syllable with reference to one of the edges of words, irrespective of the form of this syllable."? (Goedemans, et al 1996: 34).
Primary stress always occurs on the antepenultimate syllable. The stress type for this pattern is "A".
Primary stress always occurs on the initial syllable. The stress type for this pattern is "I".
Primary stress always occurs on the penultimate syllable. The stress type for this pattern is "P".
Primary stress always occurs on the second syllable. The stress type for this pattern is "S".
Primary stress always occurs on the third syllable. The stress type for this pattern is "T".
Primary stress always occurs on the final syllable. The stress type for this pattern is "U".
Variable stress placement surface patterns are those in which the position of stress is variable within the stress domain. Analytically, these are sometimes also called quantity sensitive systems (Goedemans, et al 1996: 35).
The position of stress is specified in the lexeme.
Position of stress is not determined by marking in the lexeme but by metrical rules.
The language is quantity-sensitive, stress is located in a bisyllabic window at the right or left word edge (or in some rare cases in a trisyllabic window).
Stress placement rules occurring at the left-hand word edges.
Place stress on the initial syllable if it is heavy (even if the second syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the second syllable if it is heavy, if neither first nor second syllables are heavy, then place stress on the first syllable. The code for this type is "I/I".
Place stress on the initial syllable if it is heavy (even if the second syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the second syllable if it is heavy, if neither first nor second syllables are heavy, then place stress on the second syllable. The code for this type is "I/S".
Place stress on the second syllable if it is heavy (even if the first syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the first syllable if it is heavy, if neither first nor second syllables are heavy, then place stress on the first syllable. The code for this type is "S/I".
Place stress on the second syllable if it is heavy (even if the third syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the third syllable if it is heavy, if neither second nor third syllables are heavy, then place stress on the second syllable. The code for this type is "S/S" with the note that EM=left.
Place stress on the second syllable if it is heavy (even if the third syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the third syllable if it is heavy, if neither second nor third syllables are heavy, then place stress on the third syllable. The code for this type is "S/T".
Place stress on the third syllable if it is heavy (even if the second syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the second syllable if it is heavy, if neither second nor third syllables are heavy, then place stress on the second syllable. The code for this type is "T/S".
Place stress on the third syllable if it is heavy (even if the second syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the second syllable if it is heavy, if neither second nor third syllables are heavy, then place stress on the third syllable. The code for this type is "T/T".
Place stress on the second syllable if it is heavy (even if the initial syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the initial syllable if it is heavy, if neither first nor second syllables are heavy, then place stress on the first syllable. The code for this type is "S/S".
Stress placement rules occurring at the right-hand word edges.
Place stress on the antepenultimate syllable if heavy (even if the penultimate syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the penultimate syllable if it is heavy, if neither are heavy, place stress on the antepenultimate syllable. The code for this type is "A/A"
Place stress on the antepenultimate syllable if heavy (even if the penultimate syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the penultimate syllable if it is heavy, if neither are heavy, place stress on the penultimate syllable. The code for this type is "A/P"
Place stress on the penultimate syllable if heavy (even if the antepenultimate syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the antepenultimate syllable if it is heavy, if neither are heavy, place stress on the antepenultimate syllable. The code for this type is "P/A"
Place stress on the penultimate syllable if heavy (even if the antepenultimate syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the antepenultimate syllable if it is heavy, if neither are heavy, place stress on the penultimate syllable. The code for this type is "P/P" with the note that EM=right
Place stress on the penultimate syllable if heavy (even if the ultimate syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the ultimate syllable if it is heavy, if neither are heavy, place stress on the penultimate syllable. The code for this type is "P/P"
Place stress on the penultimate syllable if heavy (even if the ultimate syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the ultimate syllable if it is heavy, if neither are heavy, place stress on the ultimate syllable. The code for this type is "P/U"
Place stress on the ultimate syllable if heavy (even if the penultimate syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the penultimate syllable if it is heavy, if neither are heavy, place stress on the penultimate syllable. The code for this type is "U/P"
Place stress on the ultimate syllable if heavy (even if the penultimate syllable is also heavy), otherwise place stress on the penultimate syllable if it is heavy, if neither are heavy, place stress on the ultimate syllable. The code for this type is "U/U"
Method of stress assignment.
The property of having a low level prosodic element at one of the word edges (usually the syllable) that may not be counted for the computation of stress position (relevant for both main and secondary stress). Possible exponents are: final consonant, vowel, mora, syllable or foot.
Edge at which stress extrametricality occurs.
The specification of the exact prosodic unit that is subject to extrametricality.
If stress does not occur in the bisyllabic main stress domain it may be repared.
A specification under which conditions main stress repair occurs. With respect to so-called 'broken-window' systems, containing the connective '%' in their Stress Type and with Main Stress Repair set on 'Yes', this field specifies whether shift outside the two-syllable stress window, in which the 1st and 2nd syllables are light, takes place always or only if the target syllable is heavy, see the use of the connective '%' (see Goedemans:section 4.2.2.5. and, chapter 5, section 5.3.1.).
Domain indicates the window within which main stress is assigned. It can be either bisyllabic and located at one of the word edges (bounded), or it may encompass the whole word (unbounded).
Primary stress assignment domain is bisyllabic and edge-based.
The window in which stress can occur is the whole word (or morpheme).
Stress assignment rules are, or are not, sensitive to syllable weight.
Indication of syllable or segment types that count as heavy with respect to the assignment of primary stress in the system. Heavy syllables are prototypically those that contain long vowels, or are closed by a coda. Other factors, such as vowel height, sonority, or tone, may play a role. For those cases we reserve the term "prominence systems". In some cases several weight factors may be combined to form a "weight scale" according to which syllable weight is measured. StressTyp also recognises diacritical marking, and rhythm beats as weight factors (see the manual for further explanation).
Stress is assigned according to syllable weight.
A collection of parameters and properties describing secondary stress placement patterns.
Information pertaining to the assignment of rhythmic patterns.
Secondary stress placement is a pattern of rhythmic beats or strong syllables complementary to main stress. The precise pattern is determined by a set of parameters. The application of an abstract algorithm that yields a particular rhythmic pattern is sometimes called 'footing'. (Goedemans & Saulwick)
When, in the assignment of secondary stress, a single syllable remains after all the bisyllabic feet are assigned to the word, there are two options: either the remaining syllable is stressed or it is not. If it is stressed, it must be parsed by a foot that contains only one syllable, a so-called degenerate foot. If it is not stressed, the syllable is left unparsed. So by allowing or disallowing degenerate feet, languages specify whether they stress leftover syllables. In case the language is quantity-sensitive feet may be monosyllabic if and only if the syllable they parse contains two mora's. Such syllables will automatically get secondary stresses. Hence, in these languages degenerate feet are monomoraic syllables. If these are stressed, the language in question allows degenerate feet.
Extrametricality (a certain prosodic unit, usually a peripheral syllable, is ignored by the stress assignment rules).
The edge of the word at which the {extrametrical unit} is located.
The specification of the exact prosodic unit that is subject to extrametricality.
The property of secondary stress placement that there is more than one non-primary stress; rhythm is assigned iteratively (see Goedemans, et.al.: 39).
The property that the rhythmic surface patterning deviates in some cases from the one specified by the fields Rhythm Type and/or Rhythm Ternary and must be repaired {Goedemans, et.al.: 39}.
A specification under which conditions main stress repair occurs. With respect to so-called 'broken-window' systems, containing the connective '%' in their Stress Type and with Main Stress Repair set on 'Yes', this fields specifies whether shift outside the two-syllable stress window, in which the 1st and 2nd syllables are light, takes place always or only if the target syllable is heavy, see the use of the connective '%' (see Goedemans:section 4.2.2.5. and, chapter 5, section 5.3.1.)).With respect to so-called 'ternary' systems, for which Rhythm Repair is set on Y, this field specifies under which circumstances unparsed syllables are grouped into a foot after all or under which circumstances reparsing occurs (see also manual: chapter 5, section 5.4.).Finally, Repair can contain information about destressing of syllables.
Word edge at which rhythmic footing starts. (In the case of centrifugal rhythm assignment does not start at an edge, but at the location of main stress.)
Allocation of the general rhythmic pattern, either iambic or trochaic or both, i.e. regular alternation of a stressed and an unstressed syllable.
The rhythmic pattern is ternary; beats are separated from each other by two syllables instead of one.
Information on the head of the foot used in ternary rhythm.
The structure of the feet used in ternary rhythm assignment from a metrical perspective.
Stress assignment rules are, or are not, sensitive to syllable weight.
Indication of syllable or segment types that count as heavy with respect to the assignment of non-primary stress(es) in the system. (See "heavy for stress" for types.)
A general description of the stress patterns of the language.
Lexicalized phenomena, such as lexical tone or lexical stress.
The language uses lexical tones.
The inventory of lexical tones that the language uses.
The phonemic inventory of a language, as well as the allophony rules (including context-sensitive and free alternations). In sum, what sounds appear in a language, either as phonemes or as allophones.
Inventory of phonemic segments of various languages.
All consonantal phonemes. For phonemes appearing only in loan words, see the 'comment' field.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Inventory code introduced by the author of the database. It specifies the number of consonants, the number of vowels, the number of tones (if any), followed by an 'L' if there are long vowels, and by an 'N' if vowels can be nasalized. Note that information on vowels is missing for some languages. The counts in the inventory code also include phonemes appearing only in loan words that cannot be found in the phoneme inventory, only in the 'comment' field.
All vocalic phonemes. Note that information on vowels is missing for some languages. For phonemes appearing only in loan words, see the 'comment' field.
Vowel length differences are phonemic in the language: there are short and long vowels.
Vowel nasalization differences are phonemic in the language: there is at least one nasalized vowel.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Information concerning the (inner) structure of syllables.
The properties of syllable structure according to the onset-nucleus-and-coda view of the syllable.
More than one segment may occur in the syllable onset.
Indicates whether syllables can or cannot end with a consonant (coda).
Restriction on co-occurrence of vowels and consonants.
Are there restrictions that hold between onset and rhyme, and/or nucleus and coda?
Identification of restrictions that hold between nucleus and coda
Identification of restrictions that hold between onset and rhyme.
Word-level restriction on co-occurrence of non-adjacent segments.
Word-level rules stating obligatory disagreement of vowels or consonants with respect to one or more features
There is obligatory disagreement of consonants with respect to one or more features.
The rules which operate between non-adjacent consonants, such that they are necessarily dissimilar.
There is obligatory disagreement of vowels with respect to one or more features.
The rules which operate between non-adjacent vowels, such that they are necessarily dissimilar.
Word-level rules stating obligatory agreement of vowels or consonants with respect to one or more features
There is obligatory agreement of consonants with respect to one or more features.
The rules which operate between non-adjacent consonants, such that they necessarily share features.
There is obligatory agreement of vowels with respect to one or more features
The rules which operate between non-adjacent vowels, such that they necessarily share features.
Geminated consonants exist and play a role in the phonology of the language.
General properties of syllable structures.
General remarks concerning syllable structure or further explanation regarding specific data.
Specification of the types of syllables that occur in the language, e.g. CV, CVC etc.
Long vowels occur in the language and their length is phonologically relevant.
Indicates whether syllables in the language must have initial consonants or not.
Morphological and prosodic restrictions on the distribution of vowels, consonants and consonant clusters.
Are there restrictions on the distribution of consonants?
Are there restrictions on the distribution of consonant clusters?
Are there restrictions on the distribution of consonant clusters intevocalically?
Are there restrictions on the distribution of single consonants?
There are morphological or prosodic restrictions on the distribution of consonants.
Restrictions on the distribution and concatenation of vowels
Are there restrictions on the distribution of vowels?
There are morphological or prosodic restrictions on the distribution of vowels.
An exhaustive list of possible vowel clusters.
Rules governing the (co)ocurrence of certain phonological segments in syllabic positions.
Length of a vowel, consonant or consonant cluster.
Specifies the number of consonants that can occur in a cluster.
Specifies short or long vowels or gemination in consonants.
If segments occur in the specified position, this field ennumerates specific phonemes that may not occur there. If segments cannot occur in the specified position, this field ennumerates specific phonemes that can occur there.
Specification of whether a segment fills a particular position in the syllable or word structure.
The syllable is in a certain position.
The word is in a certain position.
Are there consonants which may occur in the syllable nucleus?
Example of consonants which occur in the syllabic nucleus.
Rules which affect the CV shape or the segmental content of the syllable.
Rules that state the conditions under which segments assimilate to adjacent segments.
Rules that state the conditions under which consonants assimilate to adjacent segments.
Rules that state the conditions under which vowels assimilate to adjacent segments.
Rules that state the conditions under which segments are deleted.
Rules that state the conditions under which consonants are deletion.
Rules that state the conditions under which vowels coalesce.
Rules that state the conditions under which vowels are deleted.
Rules that state the conditions under which voiced segments become voiceless.
Rules that state the conditions under which segments dissimilate with respect to adjacent segments.
Rules that state the conditions under which consonants dissimilate with respect to adjacent segments.
Rules that state the conditions under which vowels dissimilate with respect to adjacent segments.
Rules that state the conditions under which segments are inserted.
Rules that state the conditions under which consonants are inserted.
Rules that state the conditions under which glottal stops are inserted.
Rules that state the conditions under which vowels are inserted.
Rules that state the conditions under which segments are lengthened.
Rules that state the conditions under which consonants are lengthened.
Rules that state the conditions under which vowels are lengthened.
Phonological process, not including devoicing, lengthening, shortening, insertion, deletion, assimilation, dissimilation, harmony and/or disharmony
Rules that state the conditions under which segments are shortened.
Rules that state the conditions under which consonants are shortened.
Rules that state the conditions under which vowels are shortened.
The maximal and minimal number of syllables or moras constituting a word.
Maximal word size is specified in the form of a CV template, or by the minimal/maximal number of syllables or moras.
Minimal word size is specified in the form of a CV template, or by the minimal/maximal number of syllables or moras.
Phenomena occurring within phrases, i.e., between the word level and the level of subclausal units.
Information concerning the form and use of articles.
Whether the articles (indefinite and definite separately) are a prefix or suffix. Note that languages with seperate words used as articles are given value 'no'.
Form of the definite article.
Form of the indefinite article.
Whether the articles (indefinite and definite separately) are obligatory.
A noun phrase with definite interpretation has an obligatory definite article.
A noun phrase with indefinite interpretation has an obligatory definite article.
Consideration of the basic order of head and lexical modifier within predicate phrases. For example, the order of the verb and its adverb; or the order of the adjective and its adverb of degree in a predicative adjective phrase.
Consideration of the basic order of head and lexical modifier within referential phrases (NPs) (Hengeveld, Rijkhoff & Siewierska 2004:545).
Information concerning the expression of comparatives
In comparative constructions the standard of the comparison is encoded by an ablative, pseudo-English he is big from me.
In comparative constructions the standard of the comparison is encoded by a dative, e.g. pseudo-English he is big to me.
In comparative constructions the standard of the comparison is encoded as a locative, e.g. pseudo-English he is big at me.
In comparative constructions the standard is constructed as the direct object of a verb which means 'to exceed', whereas the comparee has the function of subject of this predicate, e.g. pseudo-English he is big surpasses me.
In comparative constructions the standard is accompanied by a special comparative particle, e.g. English he is bigger than me.
The comparative is expressed by two adversative clauses, which have a parallel structure but contain antonymous predicates, e.g. English 'he is big, I am small'.
The comparative is expressed by two adversative clauses, which have a parallel structure but exhibit a positive-negative polarity, e.g. English 'he is big, I am not big'.
In comparative constructions a special marker is used on the adjective, which expresses the property on which the two constituents are compared, e.g. pseudo-English he is bigger me.
Consideration of whether the order of head and lexical modifier within predicate phrases is fixed. For example, the order of the verb and its adverb; or the adjective and its adverb of degree in a predicative adjective phrase.
Consideration of the possible variation of the basic order of head and lexical modifier within referential phrases (NPs).
Information concerning genitives, including constituent order, formal marking, form of possessive pronoun and construction types.
The construction is expressed in a specific manner.
The nominal and the pronominal genitive phrases have identical constructions.
Possessive pronoun is marked by a specific form: by a prefix and/or by a suffix.
The order of noun and genitive marker: N+GEN or GEN+N.
Consideration of whether the head and lexical modifier relation within predicate phrases is morphologically marked. A predicate phrase can be composed of the verb and its adverb, or of the adjective and its adverb of degree in a predicative adjective phrase.
Consideration of whether the head and lexical modifier relation within referential phrases (NPs) is morphologically marked.
Predicative possession and locational predicate constructions correlate in present and non-present
Predicative possession and locational predicate have different constructions in the present as well as in the non-present.
Predicative possession and locational predicate have different constructions in the present, but the same construction in the non-present.
Predicative possession and locational predicate have different constructions in the present as well as in the non-present.
Predicative possession and locational predicate have the same constructions in the present but a different one in the non-present.
Information concerning existential predicates, including form of, and conditions on, construction, and form of the negation.
There are certain conditions which affect the form of the existential predicate.
An existential predicate has a defective verb form in the non-present tense.
Negation of existential predicate has a specific form.
The negation of an existential predicate is a negative verb.
An existential predicate has a deviant negation which is a verb.
Information on the form of the construction.
An existential predicate has an obligatory locational adpositional phrase, e.g. 'There is no more water *(here)'.
An existential predicate is encoded as a verb, 'be', 'exist', etc. In an existential predicate the subject is indefinite, compare 'cows were in the meadow' with 'the cows were in the meadow'.
Information concerning locational predicates, including form of, and conditions on, construction, and form of the negation.
The locational predicate is expressed with a verb that has a defective paradigm for the non-present tense.
The locational predicate is expressed with a verb that has a deviant negation.
The form of the locational predicate.
Locationals used as predicates are encoded by verbs, e.g. Salish. Pseudo-English examples would be he in the markes or he at homes.
Verb form of the locational predicate.
The locational predicate is encoded as an intransitive verb plus a locative adpositional phrase.
The locational predicate is encoded as a transitive verb, e.g. pseudo-English he "bes" the market or she "goes" the town.
The locational predicate is expressed without the use of an overt verb, but has a locative prepositional phrase.
The locational predicate is expressed without an overt verb in the present tense only.
The locational predicate is expressed without an overt verb in positive sentences only.
There is a specific negative locational verb, meaning not be in a place.
Information concerning the correlation between the encoding of locational predicate constructions on the one hand and existential predicate and nominal predicate constructions on the other.
Information concerning the similarities and differences between existential predicate and nominal predicate constructions
There are differences between existential predicate construction and nominal predicate construction.
Present tense is coded differently in existenial predicate constructions and nominal predicate constructions.
A nominal predicate and an existential predicate have different constructions in the non-present tense.
A nominal predicate and an existentinal predicate have different constructions for the present tense.
A nominal predicate is expressed with a copula whereas an existential predicate is expressed with a verb or by zero.
A nominal predicate is expressed with a pronoun whereas an existential predicate is expressed either with a verb or by zero.
A nominal predicate is expressed by zero whereas an existential predicate is expressed with a verb.
Existential predicate construction and nominal predicate construction have shared features.
Form of negation is the same for existential predicate construction and nominal predicate construction.
A nominal predicate and an existential predicate are expressed with the same negation.
A nominal predicate and a existential predicate are expressed with the same non-present tense.
A nominal predicate and an existential predicate have the same present tense.
A nominal predicate and an existential predicate are both expressed with a verb.
A nominal predicate and an existential predicate are expressed with the same verb.
Information concerning the similarities and differences between locational predicate and nominal predicate constructions
There are differences between locational predicate construction and nominal predicate construction.
Tense is coded differently for verbs in locational predicate constructions and nominal predicate constructions.
A nominal predicate and a locational predicate are expressed with different non-present tense forms.
A nominal predicate and locational predicate have a different present tense.
A nominal predicate is expressed with a copula, whereas the locational predicate is expressed with either a verb or zero.
A nominal predicate is expressed without any overt verb while the locational predicate does have a verb.
A nominal predicate is expressed with a pronoun, whereas the locational predicate is expressed with either a verb or zero.
There are similarities between the locational predicate construction and the nominal predicate constructions.
Form of negation is the same for locational predicate construction and nominal predicate construction.
A nominal predicate and a locational predicate have the same negation.
Verbs in locational predicate construction and in nominal predicate construction have same tense.
A nominal predicate and locational predicate have same present tense, e.g. John is a teacher versus John is at school.
A nominal predicate and locational predicate are both encoded by a verb.
A nominal predicate and locational predicate are both expressed without the use of an overt verb.
A nominal predicate and locational predicate are expressed with the same verb form.
A nominal predicate and a locational predicate have the same non-present tense. The exact nature of the sameness is not specified.
Information concerning the correlation between the encoding of locational predicate constructions on the one hand and existential predicate and predicate adjective constructions on the other.
Information concerning the similarities and differences between Predicate adjective and Existential predicate constructions
Differences between existential predicate and predicate adjective constructions.
Differences in tense coding for existential predicate and predicate adjective constructions.
A predicate adjective and an existential predicate are expressed with a different present tense form from each other.
A predicate adjective is expressed with a copula while an existential predicate is expresses with either an overt verb form or as zero.
A predicate adjective is expressed with a zero while an existential predicate is expressed with an overt verb form.
A predicate adjective is expressed with a verb while an existential predicate is expressed either with zero or a verb form.
A predicate adjective and an existential predicate have a different construction in the non-present tense.
Existential predicate constructions and predicate adjective constructions have shared features.
Form of negation is the same in existential predicate constructions and predicate adjective constructions
Predicate adjective and existential prediacte have the same negation marker.
There are similarities in tense coding in existenial predicate constructions and predicate adjective constructions.
A predicate adjective and an existential predicate are expressed with the same non-present tense. The exact nature of the sameness is not specified.
Predicate adjectives and existential predicates have the same present tense verb form, e.g. English the man is big versus there is a man.
The predicate adjectivee and existential predicate are formed with lexemes from the class of verbs.
A predicate adjective and an existential predicate are both expressed with zero encoding.
A predicate adjective and an existential predicate have the same verb form.
Information concerning the similarities and differences between locational predicate and predicate adjective constructions
There are differences between locational predicate constructions and predicate adjective constructions.
Tense is coded differently for locational predicate constructions and predicate adjective constructions.
A predicate adjective and a locational predicate are expressed with a different non-present tense form.
A predicate adjective and a locational predicate have a different present tense form.
Differences in verb form used in locational predicate and existentional predicate constructions.
A predicate adjective is encoded by a verb, but the locational predicate is encoded either by a verb, or is zero.
A predicate adjective is expressed without any verb, but a locational predicate is expressed with a verb.
A predicate adjective is expressed with a copula, but the locational predicate cannot be used with a coplua.
Locational predicate constructions and predicate adjective constructions have shared features.
Form on the negation is the same for locational predicate constructions and predicate adjective constructions.
A predicate adjective and a locational predicate are expressed with the same negation marker.
Similarities in tense coding for verbs used in locational predicate and predicate adjective constructions
A predicate adjective and the locational predicate have the same non-present tense. The exact nature of the sameness is not specified.
A predicate adjective and a locational predicate have the same present tense, e.g. English John is big and John is in school.
A predicate adjective and a locational predicate are both encoded by a verb.
A predicate adjective and a locational predicate are expressed without the use of an overt verb in the present.
A predicate adjective and a locational predicate are expressed with the same verb in the present tense.
Predication types, including: predicate adjectives, predicate nominals, identity statements, copular constructions and comparisions between predicate adjective and nominal predicate constructions.
Comparison of encoding between predicate adjective and nominal predicate constructions.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective and nominal predicate are expressed the same way in the non-present.
In a non-verbal predication, predicate adjective and nominal predicate are both encoded by verbs.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective and nominal predicate are both encoded by a verb in the non-present.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective and nominal predicate have different copula.
In a non-verbal predication, the forms of the present are different for the predicate adjective and the nominal predicate.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective and nominal predicate have the same copula in the non-present.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective and nominal predicate both have the same full copula.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective and nominal predicate have the same negation.
In a non-verbal predication, the forms of the present tense for the predicate adjective and the nominal predicate are the same.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective and nominal predicate both have a zero-copula.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective is expressed with a copula, but the nominal predicate is expressed with a pro-copula.
In a non-verbal predication the predicate adjective is encoded by a verb, while the nominal predicate has a zero copula.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective is encoded by a verb, while the nominal predicate has a copula.
In a non-verbal predication, the predicate adjective encoded by a verb, while the nominal predicate has a pro-copula.
Information pertaining to the copula construction.
Information concerning complement of copula, in specific its case type.
The case of the complement in copula constructions, provided that the language has a copula construction (possibly with a zero copula).
The language has both a full copula and a zero copula, and the case of their complements is the same, e.g. in Latin.
Encoding of predicate nominal constructions.
Predicate nominals are treated as (stative) verbs.Predicate nominal: “A traditional name for a noun phrase in predicate position, particularly in a copular sentence, such as a translator in Lisa is a translator (Trask 1993).”
Predicate nominals are encoded nonverbally. They require a full verbal copula.
Predicate nominals are encoded nonverbally. They get a full copula which is not a verb morphosyntactically; it is a particle or a pronoun.
Predicate nominals are encoded nonverbally. They require a zero copula.Languages with optional copulas, like Swahili or African-American English do not require a zero copula.
Encoding of predicate nominals has certain characteristics.
Nominal predicates and predicative noun phrases have different copulas.With languages in which not both of these have a copula, zero copulas count.
Predicate nominal has some shared features with other predicative constructions.
Predicate nominals receive the same encoding as definite predicative noun phrases, e.g. '(s)he is president' versus '(s)he is the president'.
Predicate nominals receive the same encoding as predicate adjectives, whatever the encoding strategy is.
An identity statement reveals information about the entity it describes.
Identity statements are encoded nonverbally, and require a special form of the copula.
The copula of the identity statement has certain properties.
A predicate nominal and an identity statement each have different copulas, e.g. Welsh.
An identity statement has a copula and the word order of the identity statement is different from the order of the verbal predication.
The copula has a specific form.
The language has an identity statement and these have a pro-copula (a particle or pronoun as copula).
Conditions on pro-copula of identity statement.
An identity statement has a procopula and the word order of the identity statement is different from the order of the verbal predication.
An identity statement has a procopula and that procopula agrees in person with the subject, a pseudo-English example would be The man, he president.
An identity statement requires a copula and that copula is a pronoun, a pseudo-English example would be Bill, he my brother.
An identity statement has a copula and this copula is a verb, e.g. Dutch.
Types of conditions on verbal copula in identity statements.
An identity statement has a copula and the negation of the copula is different from the negation of other predicates.
An identity statement has a copula and that copula has deviant tense marking.
An identity statement has a copula and the copula is defective in the non-present tense.
An identity statement has a verbal copula and the negation of the copula has a special negative lexical form, e.g. Finnish.
An identity statement has a verbal copula and the subject of the copula has accusative case marking.
An identity statement has a zero copula in the present tense.
The zero copula of identity statements has certain conditions.
An identity statement has a zero copula but only for the third person singular.
An identity statement has a zero copula; the negation of the zero copula and the negation of the full copula have the same form.
An identity statement has a zero copula and the negation of the zero copula is the same as the negative lexical form.
An identity statement has a zero copula but the negation of the zero copula is different from the negation with other predicates.
An identity statement has a zero copula in the present tense, but a full copula is used in the non-present tense.
identity statements are verbal, e.g. '(s)he is a thief' (predicate) versus '(s)he is the mayor of Amsterdam' (specificational), 'he is a father' versus 'he is my father'.
A description of the encoding of an identity statement in which one of the referring expressions is a verb.
One of the terms of the identity statement is a verb and the other term (subject) is in the accusative case.
One of the terms of an identity statement is a verb, but this verb has a defective flexion.
One of the terms of an identity statement is a verb, but this verb has a deviant negation.
One of the terms of an identity statement is a verb, but this verb is marked with a specific affix.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally, and require a special form of the copula.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally, and require a copula. This copula has the form of a particle; it is not morphosyntactically a verb, e.g. Chinese.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally, and require a copula. This copula has the form of a pronoun; it is not morphosyntactically a verb, e.g. Hebrew.The criterion for considering the copula a pronoun is that the item used is a pronoun in the language.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally. They require a copula, which has the morphosyntactic characteristics of a verb.Any verb taking an adjective complement is OK.More than one copular verb may be used.A "full verb" has a full paradigm.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally. They require a copula, which has the morphosyntactic characteristics of a verb. However, this copula requires some special features.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally, and require a copula. The complement of this copula has certain features.
The case of the complement of the copula.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally, and require a copula. The complement of this copula agrees with the subject.Agreement refers to "agreement of any kind." (and in whatever categories the language has for agreement.)
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally, and require a copula. The complement of this copula is an invariable adjective.This does not mean they require a non-zero copula, only whatever the copula is.
Predicate adjectives allow a zero copula under certain circumstances; otherwise, they require a full copula. The marking of the complement of the zero copula is identical to the marking of the complement of the full copula.Languages that only have overt copulas are also assigned to the variable "irrelevant".
Properties that are only given if a language has a nonverbal predicate adjective which uses a verbal copula.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally. In the present tense they have a zero copula only for the third person singular person forms. In all other forms they have a full copula.See 'defective nonpresent' for definition of "non-present tense".“Full copula” doesn't mean “overt copula”, it means a copula that is a verb.If a language that fits neither Answer 'no' nor Answer 'yes', e.g., if a language has a zero copula for second and third person forms, or in the third person singular only, then, there is either zero through the whole present tense, or only on the third person. Other options never occur, see for examples Stassen (1997).
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally. In the present tense they have a zero copula.Zero-copula means there is nothing there.In a language without verb inflection, how do you decide if the predicate adjective is verbal or non-verbal with a zero copula? See criteria Stassen (1997).
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally. In the present tense they have a zero copula. The negation of this zero copula differs from the regular negation of predicative verbs. The negation of the zero copula is in itself a morphosyntactic verb.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally. In the present tense they have a zero copula. This zero copula has the same negation as the negation of the full copula in non-present tenses.
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally. In the present tense they have a zero copula; in all other tenses they have a full copula.Zero copula may be used for the present and some other tense(s), but is never used for all tenses (see Stassen 1997).
Predicate adjectives are encoded nonverbally. In the present tense they have a zero copula. The negation of this zero copula differs from the regular negation of predicative verbs.
Word order of a clause with and without a copula.
Predicate adjectives are treated as (stative) verbs.A predicate adjective is an adjective that is used to predicate an attribute of the subject.A stative verb is a lexical verb whose meaning expresses a state, rather than an event.If the language has a separate class of stative verbs, adjectives will be part of that class.
Predicate adjectives are treated as (stative) verbs, but they are in some way defective in their inflexion.Definition of defective inflection: No imperative, no progressive, varies from language to language (no full paradigm like stative verbs normally have).There is no specification as to the nature of the deficiency; i.e. the agreement system is deficient in some way.
Predicate adjectives are treated as stative verbs, but they have a negation that differs from the negation of predicative verbs.
Predicate adjectives are basically treated as (stative) verbs, but they are marked by a special affix.
Predicate adjectives are treated as (stative) verbs. However, their subjects have accusative instead of nominative case marking.Notion of “subject”: Typically, subjects are the only argument belonging to an intransitive predicate.Languages that have no accusative/nominative morphology, but have other means of detecting whether an argument is subject- or object-like are included.
The language has two constructions for predicate adjectives, one for time-stable situations and one for less time-stable situations (e.g. one verbal and one copula or two different copulas).
Information concerning predicative possession conctructions, including manner of negation, form of construction, and verb, and information on semantic features.
Marking of predicative possession construction is sensitive to alienability.
Predicative possession constructions show a semantic split between definite/indefinite or alienable/inalienable. There appears to be no relation between these two variables. It is unclear how there could be a relation between them.
The construction is expressed in a specific manner.
Predicative possession is expressed by an existential sentence, in which the possessor is subject and the possessed item is marked as a comitative phrase, e.g. 'I am with a horse'.
Predicative possession is expressed by verbal inflection of the possessed item, e.g. pseudo- English 'I am horsing' for 'I have a horse'.
Predicative possession is expressed by an existential sentence, in which the possessed item is subject and the possessor is a genitive on the subject, e.g. 'my horse exists'.
Predicative possession is expressed by an existential sentence, in which the possessor is subject and the possessed item is marked with a derivation affix, e.g. pseudo-English I am horsey.
Predicative possession is expressed by an existential sentence in which the possessed item is subject and the possessor is marked as a comitative phrase 'the horse is with me'.
Predicative possession is expressed by an existential sentence in which the possessed item is subject and the possessor is part of a locative or dative phrase, e.g. 'a horse is to/at me'.
Predicative possession is expressed by an existential sentence in which the possessed item is subject and the possessor is topic, e.g. 'as for me a horse exists'.
Predicative possession is expressed by a transitive verb 'have' of which the possessor is the subject and the possessed item the object.
The verb in a possessive predicate construction is expressed in a specific manner.
Predicative possession is expressed by a verb that has defective flexion.
Predicative possession is expressed in an existential sentence by a zero verb, e.g. pseudo-English horse ø to me.
Information pertaining to the marking of negation in predicative possession constructions.
Negation of a predicative possession construction is of a specific form.
Information concerning the correlation between the encoding of predicative possession constructions on the one hand and locational predicate, existential predicate, predicative adjective and nominal predicate constructions on the other.
Information concerning the similarities and differences between predicative possession and locational predicate constructions
Differences between locational predicate constructions and nominal predicate constructions, in the present tense.
Predicative possession and locational predicates have different constructions in the present.
Predicative possession constructions are transitive, whereas locational predicate constructions are intransitive.
Predicative possession constructions and locational predicate constructions show similar features.
Predicative possession and locational predicate have the same construction in the present.
The verb that is used in predicative possession constructions is the same as the one used in locative constructions.
Predicate possession constructions and locational predicate constructions have similar forms of negation.
Predicative possession and locational predicate have the same negation or negative construction.
Information concerning the similarities and differences between Locational predicate and Existential predicate constructions
There are differences between locational predicate constructions and existential predicate constructions.
Differences in tense coding for verbs used in locational predicate and existential predicate constructions
A locational predicate and an existential predicate are expressed with different non-present tense verbs.
A locational predicate and an existential predicate have a different present tense.
A locational predicate is expressed with an intransitive verb while an existential predicate is expressed with a transitive verb.
A locational predicate is expressed with an intransitive verb while an existential predicate has either zero encoding or is expressed with an intransitive verb that is used with a locational predicate.
A locational predicate is expressed with a transitive verb while the existential predicate is expressed with an intransitive verb.
A locational predicate has zero encoding while an existential predicate is expressed with a intransitive verb.
A locational predicate has zero encoding while an existential predicate is expressed with a transitive verb.
Similarities between locational predicate and existential predicate constructions
Similarities in form of the negation used in locational predicate and existential predicate constructions
A locational predicate and an existential predicate are expressed with the same negation marking.
Similarities in tense coding for verbs used in locational predicate and existential predicate constructions
Locational predicate and existential predicate have the same encoding for present tense.
Information concerning the similarities and differences between predicative possession and existential predicate constructions
Predicative possession and existential predicate constructions correlate in present and non-present.
Predicative possession and existential predicate have different constructions in the present as well as in the non-present.
Predicative possession and existential predicate have different constructions in the present but have the same construction in the non- present.
Predicative possession and existential predicate have the same construction in the present, but have a different one in the non-present.
Predicative possession and existential predicate have the same constructions in the present as well as in the non-present.
Predicative possessional and existential predicate constructions are different.
Tense is coded differently for predicative possession constructions than for existential predicate constructions.
Predicative possession and existential predicate have a different construction in the present.
Predicative possession constructions are transitive, whereas existential predicate constructions are intransitive.
Predicative possession and existenitial predicate constructions are similar.
Predicative possession and existential predicate constructions have similar features for present tense.
Predicative possession and existential predicate have the same construction in the present.
The verb that is used in predicative possession constructions and existential predicate constructions is the same.
Form of negation of predicative possession and existential predicate constructions is similar.
Predicative possession and existential predicate have the same negation or negative construction.
Information concerning the similarities and differences between predicative possession and nominal predicate constructions
Predicative possession and nominal predicate constructions correlate in present and non-present.
Predicative possession and nominal predicate (identity statement) have different constructions in the present as well as in the non-present.
Predicative possession and nominal predicate (identity statement) have different constructions in the present but have the same constructions in the non-present.
Predicative possession and nominal predicate (identity statement) have the same constructions in the present as well as in the non-present.
Predicative possession and nominal predicate (identity statement) have the same constructions in the present, but different constructions in the non-present.
There are differences between predicative possessional and nominal predicate constructions.
Predicative possession and nominal predicate constructions are coded differently for certain tense distinctions.
Predicative possession and nominal predicate (identity statement) have different constructions in the present.
Predicative possession constructions are transitive whereas nominal predicate constructions (identity statement constructions) are formed with a copula.
There are similarities betweeen predicative possession and nominal predicate constructions.
In the present tense predicative possession and nominal predicate constructions have similar features.
Predicative possession and nominal predicate (identity statement) have the same construction in the present.
The verb that is used in predicate possession constructions is the same as the copula used in nominal predicate constructions (identity statement constructions).
Form of the negation of predicate possession and of nominal predicate constructions shows similarities.
Predicative possession and nominal predicate (identity statement) have the same negation or negative form.
Information concerning the similarities and differences between predicative possession and predicate adjective constructions
Predicative possession and existential predicate constructions correlate in present and non-present tense.
Predicative possession and predicate adjective have different constructions in the present, but the same construction in the non-present.
Predicative possession and predicate adjective have different constructions in the present as well as in the non-present.
Predicative possession and predicate adjective have the same constructions in the present as well as in the non-present.
Predicative possession and predicate adjective have the same construction in the present, but have different constructions in the non-present.
Predicate possessional and predicate adjective constructions are different in certain respects.
Predicative possession and predicate adjective constructions are coded differently for tense.
Predicative possession and predicate adjective have different constructions in the present.
Predicative possession constructions are transitive, whereas predicate adjective constructions are formed with a copula.
Predicative possession and predicate adjective constructions are similar in certain linguistic contexts.
There are similarities between predicative possession and predicate adjective constructions for present tense.
Predicative possession and predicate adjective have the same construction in the present.
The verb that is used in predicative possession constructions is the same as the copula used in predicate adjective constructions.
Form of negation used in predicative possession and predicate adjective constructions is similar.
Predicative possession and predicate adjective have the same negation or negative construction.
Information about the source of the data. This may be a written or published source, or a language specialist or consultant.
A person providing information about a language (a native speaker or language specialist)
The name of the language consultant
Indicates how well the consultant can use the language (always native speaker)
Indicates the extent to which formal knowledge of the grammar of the language is known (informal, taught in school, or thorough professional knowledge)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The biological gender of the language consultant
Language biography: the major places of residence, years, and spoken language(s). For each language is indicated what it was used for (home, friends, education, market, work, ...)
Indicates the age at which the consultant learned his mother tongue
The level of eductation of the language consultant
The occupation of the language consultant
Page(s) in which the vernacular appears in the source material.
The component database that provided the included data.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Text materials (words, morphemes, sentences, etc.)
A (linguistic) phenomenon is illustrated with an example.
Examples of reduplication.
Any additional information.
Person who compiled the data.
Linguist(s) and/or native speaker(s) who provided information on example(s).
Morphological description of the actual reduplication process.
Relation of a base and a reduplicant with respect to their adjacency.
Affixation that triggers or obligatorily occurs with reduplication.
Any additional information.
Relation of base segments and reduplicant segments with respect to their contiguity. Value is 'contiguous' if a succession of segments in a base is selected for the formation of a reduplicant. Value is 'non-contiguous' if (a) a number of non-contiguous segments in a base is selected for the formation of a reduplicant, or (b) a reduplicant is interrupted by additional materials.
Direction to which a reduplicant is copied with respect to its base. In case of full reduplication, undefined is selected.
Formal relation between a simplex form and a reduplicated word form. It is non-exact (values are: 'string addition', 'string deletion', or 'string substitution') if a reduplicated word form includes prespecified segments or features in addition to the copied material. Otherwise the field's value is 'exact'.
Prespecified segments in a reduplicated word form (i.e. segments which do not occur in a base).
Form of a reduplicant. For example: full, CV, last syllable, stem.
Formal description of a reduplicated word form.
Number of times a base is reduplicated.
Position of a reduplicant with respect to its base. In case of full reduplication, undefined is selected.
Environment in which a reduplicated word form can or cannot be the basis of another reduplication.
Any segmental and suprasegmental changes other than stress (stress is indicated under 'Stress Pattern') that occur between a simplex form and a reduplicated word form. General phonological changes that occur independently of reduplication are not considered here.
Changes in stress patterns between a simplex form and a reduplicated word form.
(Morpho-)syntactic constructions in which a reduplicated word form can/must/cannot occur.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Diachronic development of reduplication.
Any additional information.
Description of formal reduction or declination of a reduplicated word form (e.g. CV to V, CVC to CV).
Diachronic development of reduplication.
Former or original form and/or function of reduplication.
Description of reduction of domains (recession) and/or enlargement of domains (expansion) to which reduplication can be applied.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Phrases and sentences illustrating reduplication.
Morpheme-by-morpheme correspondences of the phrase or sentence.
A phrase or sentence that contains the reduplicated word form.
Translation of the phrase or sentence into English (or other languages according to its source).
Word-by-word correspondences of the phrase or sentence.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Morpho-syntactic features of the reduplicant form.
Aspect and/or aktionsart expressed by a reduplicated word form.
Any additional information.
Degree of property or quality of an entity expressed in a reduplicated word form. Value is 'comparative', 'equational' or 'superlative' if the degree of an entity is defined in comparision with that of other entities. Value is 'diminutive' or 'augmentative' if the degree of an entity is defined autonomously.
Lexical category of the reduplicated word form in case it cannot be described in terms of word classes.
Mood expressed by a reduplicated word form, for instance: irrealis, realis, purposive.
Number expressed by a reduplicated word form.
Order of reduplication and other word formation processes.
Grammatical purpose of reduplication.
Categorization of reduplication in terms of morphological processes.
Reference of verb number of a reduplicated word form: whether the plurality (duality) of the subject, of the object or of the action is expressed by the reduplicated form.
Subcategorization of the word class of the reduplicated word form.
Tense expressed by a reduplicated word form.
Transitivity and/or valency expressed by a reduplicated word form.
Voice expressed by the reduplicated word form: active or stative.
Word class of a reduplicated word form.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Morpho-syntactic features of the simplex form.
Aspect and/or aktionsart expressed by the simplex form.
Any additional information.
Degree of property or quality of an entity expressed in the simplex form. Value is 'comparative', 'equational' or 'superlative' if the degree of an entity is defined in comparision with that of other entities. Value is 'diminutive' or 'augmentative' if the degree of an entity is defined autonomously.
Lexical category of the simplex form in case it cannot be described in terms of word classes.
Mood expressed by the simplex form, for instance: irrealis, realis, purposive.
Number expressed by the simplex form.
Reference of verb number of the simplex form: whether the number (usually: the singularity) of the subject, of the object or of the action is expressed by the simplex form.
Subcategorization of the word class of the simplex form.
Tense expressed by the simplex form.
Transitivity and/or valency expressed by the simplex form.
Voice expressed by the simplex form: e.g. active or stative.
Word class of the simplex form.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Manner of reduplication, full or partial, with or without affixation.
Information on the applicability of reduplication as a morphological rule.
Any additional information related to reduplication.
Procedures other than reduplication that can serve the same function.
Word category which can undergo reduplication (domain) and phonological and/or morphological conditions which block the application of reduplication (blocking).
Grammatical status of reduplication.
Application of reduplication to loan words: whether they can also undergo reduplication or they are treated differently.
Special notation or orthography for reduplication.
The level of productivity of reduplication as a morphological process.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Word form which results from reduplication.
Formal and/or functional type of reduplication to which example(s) belong.
Semantic aspects of reduplication: meaning expressed by reduplication, as well as semantic features of the simplex forms and of the reduplicated forms.
Basic meaning expressed by reduplication, in case of productive reduplication.
Any changes (strengthening or weakening) of inherent features of a simplex form by means of reduplication: for instance, elaboration, restriction, concretisation.
Semantic classification of the simplex form, such as 'kinship relation' or 'numeral'.
Any additional information.
Relation of a simplex form and a reduplicated word form with respect to the degree of semantic deviation: arbitrary, loose or narrow.
Subsemantics: semantic field of reduplication, in case of lexical reduplication.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Word form which serves as the basis of reduplication.
Description of the base string and of the reduplicant in terms of prosodic or morphological units.
Any additional information.
Precise description of the base (e.g. syllable, foot, root, stem, affix).
Precise description of the reduplicant (e.g. syllable, foot, root, stem, affix).
Categorization of the base as a segmental, as a prosodic or as a morphological unit.
Categorization of the reduplicant as a segmental, as a prosodic or as a morphological unit.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Translation and morpheme-by-morpheme gloss of the simplex form and of the reduplicated form.
Morpheme-by-morpheme correspondences of a simplex form.
Translation of the simplex form into English (or other languages according to its source).
Morpheme-by-morpheme correspondences of a reduplicated word form.
Translation of the reduplicated word form into English (or other languages according to its source).
The component database that provided the included data.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Example sentences with glosses and other annotations. Note that most databases in the system do not include example sentences.
An interlinear glossed text contains the original text arranged into lines with a parallel line containing morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word glosses and another parallel line contains a translation of the text into another language.
Whether the cited text is grammatical, marginal or ungrammatical.
A text of any length in the vernacular language (the text in the original language being glossed).
The series of individual (underlying) morphemes comprising the vernacular text. This tier is frequently omitted.
Morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word translation of the vernacular text (to English).
Translation of the text into English.
This tier displays the primary data on information-structural level, e.g. Topic and Focus
The intonation or phonetic stress patterns/prosody of a given sentence, which distinguishes between high, low, low-high and high-low pitch
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The sentence/question that precedes and therefore elicits the primary data, e.g. question: "Did you see a horse?" and primary data: "I have not seen a horse"
A follow-up remark/sentence that can be added to the primary data and expresses relevant intonation, e.g. follow-up remark on "I have not seen a horse" can be: "but I DID see a donkey"
The use of intensifiers and reflexives (in a certain language) is illustrated with an example.
An interlinear glossed text contains the original text arranged into lines with a parallel line containing morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word glosses and another parallel line contains a translation of the text into another language.
Whether the cited text is grammatical, marginal or ungrammatical.
A text of any length in the vernacular language (the text in the original language being glossed).
The series of individual (underlying) morphemes comprising the vernacular text. This tier is frequently omitted.
Morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word translation of the vernacular text (to English).
Translation of the text into English.
This tier displays the primary data on information-structural level, e.g. Topic and Focus
The intonation or phonetic stress patterns/prosody of a given sentence, which distinguishes between high, low, low-high and high-low pitch
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The type of intensifier or reflexive used in the example sentence.
Information about the source of the data. This may be a written or published source, or a language specialist or consultant.
A person providing information about a language (a native speaker or language specialist)
The name of the language consultant
Indicates how well the consultant can use the language (always native speaker)
Indicates the extent to which formal knowledge of the grammar of the language is known (informal, taught in school, or thorough professional knowledge)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The biological gender of the language consultant
Language biography: the major places of residence, years, and spoken language(s). For each language is indicated what it was used for (home, friends, education, market, work, ...)
Indicates the age at which the consultant learned his mother tongue
The level of eductation of the language consultant
The occupation of the language consultant
Page(s) in which the vernacular appears in the source material.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Examples of reflexive constructions
Antecedent properties of the example sentences of reflexive constructions.
The syntactic form of the antecedent NP: Whether it is a pronoun, ordinary referential NP, quantified NP, etc.
Number of the antecedent.
Person of the antecedent.
An interlinear glossed text contains the original text arranged into lines with a parallel line containing morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word glosses and another parallel line contains a translation of the text into another language.
Whether the cited text is grammatical, marginal or ungrammatical.
A text of any length in the vernacular language (the text in the original language being glossed).
The series of individual (underlying) morphemes comprising the vernacular text. This tier is frequently omitted.
Morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word translation of the vernacular text (to English).
Translation of the text into English.
This tier displays the primary data on information-structural level, e.g. Topic and Focus
The intonation or phonetic stress patterns/prosody of a given sentence, which distinguishes between high, low, low-high and high-low pitch
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Structural properties of the example sentences of reflexive constructions.
Locality relationship between antecedent and anaphor.
Type of clause embedding.
Intervening boundaries between antecedent and anaphor.
Hierarchical relationship between antecedent and anaphor positions.
Sequential relationship between antecedent and anaphor positions.
Information on the prompt sentence in English used to elicit the example.
The English sentence used to elicit the example, which is expected to resemble it (in the relevant respects), but will NOT necessarily have the same meaning.
Technical code used to identify the prompt sentence.
A comparable sentence, always grammatical, that does not have the property demonstrated in the example. Usually this is a transitive sentence corresponding to the reflexive example; but some examples containing interveners have a reflexive control sentence (without the intervener).
An interlinear glossed text contains the original text arranged into lines with a parallel line containing morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word glosses and another parallel line contains a translation of the text into another language.
Whether the cited text is grammatical, marginal or ungrammatical.
A text of any length in the vernacular language (the text in the original language being glossed).
The series of individual (underlying) morphemes comprising the vernacular text. This tier is frequently omitted.
Morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word translation of the vernacular text (to English).
Translation of the text into English.
This tier displays the primary data on information-structural level, e.g. Topic and Focus
The intonation or phonetic stress patterns/prosody of a given sentence, which distinguishes between high, low, low-high and high-low pitch
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Additional sentences relevant to some property of the example, discussed in the Comments field for the example.
An interlinear glossed text contains the original text arranged into lines with a parallel line containing morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word glosses and another parallel line contains a translation of the text into another language.
Whether the cited text is grammatical, marginal or ungrammatical.
A text of any length in the vernacular language (the text in the original language being glossed).
The series of individual (underlying) morphemes comprising the vernacular text. This tier is frequently omitted.
Morpheme-by-morpheme or word-by-word translation of the vernacular text (to English).
Translation of the text into English.
This tier displays the primary data on information-structural level, e.g. Topic and Focus
The intonation or phonetic stress patterns/prosody of a given sentence, which distinguishes between high, low, low-high and high-low pitch
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
The semantic class of the predicate (among types relevant to the behaviour of reflexivization).
Information structural properties are related to the pragmatic interpretation of a sentence or statement. Information structure is the structure of a sentence or larger unit viewed as a means of communicating information to an address. Examples of information structural properties are notions such as Topic and Focus (cf. Matthews 2005 : 179)
The classification of pragmatic articulation describes information structural sentences in terms of categorial and thetic statements, the former corresponding to sentences with topics, the latter to topicless, all-new statements
A transitive sentence is a construction in which a verb is related to at least two nouns or their equivalent, whose semantic roles are characteristically those of an agent and a patient, e.g. "She carried him". An intransitive sentence is a cosntruction in which a verb is related to a single noun or its equivalent, e.g. "Tony vanished". (cf. Matthews 2005 : 185, 383)
Consultant's comments
Missing information can be provided here (answered as true or false)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Other anaphoric markers that are not covered in the basic list of relations
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Prompt sentence
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Related sentences from the particular language can be provided here (answered as true or false)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type of embedded clause, e.g. full tensed complement clause or infitinival complement
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type of verb, e.g. a verb of saying or a desiderative verb
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type of antecedent (for sentences for which the antecedent of the anaphor is not a clausemate)
Type of non-subject antecendent (for positions e.g. like the direct object or a prepositional object)
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Type of subcategorization frame, e.g. a transitive verb takes two arguments
The component database that provided the included data.
General comments or remarks relating to complete records or particular fields.
Collections of information that is not specific to one language or group of languages
A (possible) sound in the phonological system of a language.
Representations of all possible phonological segments in phonetic terms.
A prose description of the segment in phonetic terms.
Representation of the segment in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
A categorization of all segmental features
Manner is influenced by type of closure and degree of obstruction of the airstream.
The segment is an affricate.
The segment is an affricate, but not an ejective affricate or an affricated click. (This field is named 'affricate' in the UPSID database.)
Segment is an affricated click.
Segment is an ejective affricate.
Segment is an approximant.
Segment is a click.
Segment is an affricated click.
Segment is a click but not an affricated click. (This field is named 'click' in the UPSID database.)
The segment is a consonant.
Segment is a continuant.
The segment is a diphthong.
Segment is a flap.
The segment is a fricative.
Segment is an ejective fricative.
The segment is a fricative but not an ejective. (This field is named 'ejective' in the UPSID database.)
Segmeny is a glide.
Segment is a lateral.
The segment is a liquid.
The segment is a nasal.
Segment is an obstruent.
Segment is an oral.
Segment is a plosive.
Segment is an ejective stop.
Segment is an implosive.
Segment is a plosive, but not an implosive or an ejective stop. (This field is named 'plosive' in the UPSID database.)
Segment is a sibilant.
Segment is a sonorant.
The segment is a stop.
Segment is a tap.
Segment is a trill.
Segment is an unspecified R.
According to this database, a vocalic segment includes vowels and semivowels.
The segment is a vowel.
The quality of a sound.
The sound is aspirated.
The sound is breathy voiced.
The sound is laryngealized (also called: creaky).
The sound is preaspirated.
The sound is voiced.
The sound is voiceless.
Information concerning place of articulation of segment.
Place of articulation of segment is alveolar.
Place of articulation of segment is anterior.
Place of articulation of segment is bilabial.
Place of articulation of segment is coronal.
Place of articulation of segment is dental.
Place of articulation of segment is dorsal.
Place of articulation of segment is glottal.
Place of articulation of segment is labial.
Place of articulation of segment is labiodental.
Place of articulation of segment is linguolabial.
Place of articulation of segment is palatal.
Place of articulation of segment is palato-alveolar.
Place of articulation of segment is pharyngeal.
Place of articulation of segment is posterior.
Place of articulation of segment is retroflex.
Place of articulation of segment is unspecified dental.
Place of articulation of segment is uvular.
Place of articulation of segment is velar.
A consonant or vowel may be co-articulated whereby the two articulations are not of the same manner.
The secondary articulation is of a labial manner.
The secondary articulation is produced by releasing air through lowering the sides of the tongue.
Nasal release is the release of a plosive whereby the air passes through the nasal cavity.
The secondary articulation is produced with a lowered velum whereby air is released through the nose.
The secondary articulation is produced with the tongue raised towards the palate.
The secondary articulation is produced with a constriction of the pharynx (epiglottis) during articulation.
Prestopped refers to the opening of the nasal cavity and the closure of the oral cavity.
The secondary articulation is produced with the back of the tongue raised towards the velum.
The length of a segment can be long, short, or overshort.
The feature specifies that a segment is long.
The feature specifies that a segment is short.
The feature specifies that a segment is very short (overshort).
Features describing vowels, such as height, [+/- rounded], [+/- back], etc.
The vowel is back, i.e. the tongue is positioned back in the vowel space.
Specifies the direction of movement of the diphthong in the vowel space.
The vowel is central, i.e. the tongue is positioned in the middle of the vowel space, between the front and the back.
The vowel is front, i.e. the tongue is positioned far forward in the vowel space.
The vowel is high, i.e. produced with the tongue high in the vowel space. The height of the vowel is 'high' in a five-level system.
The vowel is high in the four-level system used by the SyllTyp database.
The vowel is high-mid, i.e. the tongue is positioned between the roof and the middle of the vowel space. The height of the vowel is 'high-mid' in a five-level system.
The vowel is high-mid in the four-level system used by the SyllTyp database.
The vowel is produced by compressing the lips.
The vowel is low, i.e. the tongue is positioned low in the vowel space. The height of the vowel is 'low' in a five-level system.
The vowel is low in the four-level system used by the SyllTyp database.
The vowel is lowmid, i.e. the tongue is positioned below the middle of vowel space. The height of the vowel is 'low-mid' in a five-level system.
The vowel is low-mid in the four-level system used by the SyllTyp database.
Specifies the direction of movement of the diphthong in the vowel space.
The vowel is mid, i.e. the tongue is positioned in the middle of the vowel space. The height of the vowel is 'mid' (neither 'high', nor 'low') in a five-level system.
A relative reduction in a feature in terms of the high-low and/or front-back axes.
The vowel is rounded, i.e. produced with rounded lips.
Specifies change in the coarticulatory lip gesture during the production the diphthong.
The vowel is unrounded, i.e. produced with unrounded lips.
The vowel is r-colored, i.e. produced with the underside of the tip of the tongue making contact with the palate.
An explanation of the notation used in a field (e.g., of symbols or abbreviations).
The component database that provided the included data.